**3. Pleiotropic effects of statins beyond lowering cholesterol levels**

Statins, regulators of small GTPases prenylation [26], are essential in multiple cellular processes [4, 27]. These pleiotropic effects of statins [1] are modulated either by HMGCoAR-dependent (canonical) or HMGCoAR-independent (non-canonical) ways [28]. We will focus on HMGCoAR-dependent processes, which prevent the isoprenylation of small GTPases Rho, Ras, Rac, and Cdc24 [1, 29].

### **3.1 Non-tumor pleiotropic effects of statins**

Statins can affect several tissue functions [30]. The different pleiotropic effects are summarized in **Table 1**.


### **Table 1.**

*Non-tumor pleiotropic effects of statin.*
