**4. New stratigraphic details**

Location: the studied section lies 5 km N of Badelyan village, 150 km from Erbil Governorate, NE Iraq.

Thickness of the Kolosh formation in Badelyan section is about 170 m (**Figure 2**).

Lithology: the formation consists of mudstones/shales, muddy sandstones, pebbly sandstones, chaotic mudstone, fossiliferous sandstone, and thin pelagic carbonate beds. Very thin siliceous horizons are observed within the mudstone beds. All beds of shales and sandstones are arranged in graded turbidity cycles. Most beds are deformed, revealing characteristic sedimentary structures of turbidite origin.

Sedimentary structures are identified based on Refs. [15–20] as main characteristic of turbidity origin cf. load and groove casts, ball and pillows, graded beddings, slump slide and convolute beds, scour, submarine channels, and wavy and *Abnormal Ophiolite (Olivine/Pyroxene Rich) Sandstone NE Iraq: An Approach to the Origin… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108333*

undulated beds. Most of the sandstone and mudstone horizons are graded upwards of Bouma cycles. Most beds contained balls and pillow structures as well as load and scoured surfaces. Some mudstone beds show groove casts. Deformational structures are represented by slump and slide beds and sometimes convolute beddings.

Trace fossils are identified in sandstones, mudstones and muddy limestone beds. cf. burrows, borings, and trails.

Contacts: the lower is gradational with Tanjero formation and the upper part is conformable with Gercus formation.

Age: based on previous studies, the age of the Kolosh formation is Paleocene-lower Eocene.

Secondary features are (a) compaction of some mudstone beds and development of shale-like fissile, (b) development of large concretions, (c) bioturbation in parts, and (d) faulting.
