**5. Acknowledgements**

This work was supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant 12995 (to K. S.), a fellowship of the Hayashi Memorial Foundation for Female Natural Scientists (to K. S.), a research grant from The Uehara Memorial Foundation (to H.O.), and Grants-in-aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas 15040209, 17046004, and Research (C) on 17570109 (HO) and 22570111 (HO) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology.

We thank K. Ono for editing the English.

#### **6. References**


SDS-PAGE, electrotransferred to a PVDF membrane, and detected with specific antibodies

Key results: The chromatofocusing and immunoblotting of plasma before and after sialidase treatment enabled us to demonstrate when and what alteration of sialylation occurs in each glycoprotein at each different stage during liver regeneration. The changes in pI essentially coincided with that of 2D-PAGE; however, we can determine the pI of a sample under physiological condition by using the chromatofocusing technique. Furthermore, this method is facile, quick, and applicable to recovered samples for activity analyses because they are

This study proposes that alterations of glycosylation, especially decreased sialylation of vitronectin, modulate tissue remodeling processes in multiple steps, especially HSC spreading and survival. Our findings suggest that the removal of sialic acid from vitronectin suppressed activation of stellate cells, indicating the possibility of a new treatment for or method to prevent liver cirrhosis. This will open new windows to the paradigm of glycoregenerative medicine, which is based on the modulatory functions of glycans of ECM

This work was supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant 12995 (to K. S.), a fellowship of the Hayashi Memorial Foundation for Female Natural Scientists (to K. S.), a research grant from The Uehara Memorial Foundation (to H.O.), and Grants-in-aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas 15040209, 17046004, and Research (C) on 17570109 (HO) and 22570111 (HO) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,

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**6** 

*México* 

**The Protective Effect of Antioxidants** 

Carmen Valadez-Vega1, Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán1, Jaime Esquivel-Soto2,

The term antioxidant was originally utilized to refer specifically to a chemical product that prevented the consumption of oxygen (Burneo, 2009); thus, antioxidants are defined as molecules whose function is to delay or prevent the oxygenation of other molecules. The importance of antioxidants lies in their mission to end oxidation reactions that are found in the process and to impede their generating new oxidation reactions on acting in a type of sacrifice on oxidating themselves. There are endogenous and exogenous antioxidants in nature. Some of the best-known exogenous antioxidant substances are the following: β‐ carotene (pro‐vitamin A); retinol (vitamin (A); ascorbic acid (vitamin C); α‐tocopherol (vitamin E); oligoelements such as selenium; amino acids such as glycine, and flavonoids

Historically, it is known that the first investigations on the role that antioxidants play in Biology were centered on their intervention in preventing the oxidation of unsaturated fats, which is the main cause of rancidity in food (Wolf, 2005). However, it was the identification of vitamins A, C, and E as antioxidant substances that revolutionized the study area of antioxidants and that led to elucidating the importance of these substances in the defense

Due to their solubilizing nature, antioxidant compounds have been divided into hydrophilics (phenolic compounds and vitamin C) and lipophilics (carotenoids and vitamin E). The antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds is due principally to their redox properties, which allow them to act as reducing agents, hydrogen and electron donors, and individual oxygen inhibitors, while vitamin C's antioxidant action is due to its possessing two free electrons that can be taken up by Free radicals (FR), as well as by other Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which lack an electron in their molecular structure. Carotenoids are deactivators of electronically excited sensitizing molecules, which are involved in the generation of radicals and individual oxygen, and the antioxidant activity of vitamin A is

characterized by hydrogen donation, avoiding chain reactions (Burneo, 2009).

such as silymarin, among other organic compounds (Venereo, 2002).

system of live organisms (Jacob, 1996).

**1. Introduction** 

José A. Morales González1 , Liliana Barajas-Esparza1,

Cesar Esquivel-Chirino2, Ana María Téllez-López1, Maricela López-Orozco1 and Clara Zúñiga-Pérez1

**in Alcohol Liver Damage** 

*1Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, UAEH,* 

*2Facultad de Odontología, UNAM* 

Yoneda, A., Ogawa, H., Matsumoto, I., Ishizuka, I., Hase, S. & Seno, N. (1993) Structures of the *N*-linked oligosaccharides on porcine plasma vitronectin. *Eur. J. Biochem.*, 218, 797-806.
