**5.6 Other fruits**

In diabetic mice on the High - fat diet, mangoes with 10% restored the frequency of Bifidobacteria and Akkermansia, lowering intestinal microbiota coccidiosis [147]. Poly methoxy flavones and hydroxyl poly ethoxy flavones, both found in citrus peels, have been shown to reduce body mass and adipocytes bulk in high-fat-fed mice by lowering oil droplets, perilipin 1 nutrients, and glycosides controlling signal sequence 1, as well as raising Prevotella and reducing rc4–4 microbes within rat digestive tract [148].

#### **5.7 Vegetables**

In terms of attributes, a chloroplast component found in all green vegetable tissue has been shown to enhance weight reduction in rats by boosting *Bacteroides fragilis* while boosting hunger [149]. In cross-sectional research with healthy females, increasing soluble fiber intake from veggies and fruits was proven to reduce tall weight gain and increase Ruminococcaceae abundance, and improved respiration [26].

#### **5.8 Legumes**

In nutrition obese mice, pea flour had a considerable anti-obesity impact and enhanced the Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio [150]. Soy proteins are known to reduce rat fat mass or fat percentage by 10%, enhance hepatotoxicity and tertiary bile acids, and enhance Lactobacillus prevalence while reducing Blautia, and Lachnospiraceae richness [151]. Likewise, mung bean proteins, that are high in 8-globulin, are said to reduce adiposity formation and excess weight caused by the HFD, as well as ketoacidosis [152]. Mung bean proteins, on the other hand, were linked to an increase in Bifidobacteria and just a decline in Genus, a raise in intestine glucosidase potential associated tiers, and a higher primary biliary total acidity.

#### **5.9 Tea**

Tea has been a popular beverage for a long time. Tea has recently shown antiobesity capabilities through a variety of means, including lowering fat accumulation in cells and changing gut microbiota [153]. However, dosing of C57BL/6 J mice with crude extract of green, oolong, and black tea indicated that these tea extracts improved glycemic control and also decreased weight gain through modifying the gut microbiota. The Rikenellaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae families were decreased in number, leading to greater SCFA levels, lower lipopolysaccharide tiers, and improved glucose metabolism [154]. By enhancing the percentages of Genus to Bifidobacteria and Bifidobacteria to Lactobacilli, and also flattening the looks of lipid metabolism and offensive genetic makeup in white adipose tissue, kefir black tea effectively reduced weight gain but also abdominal obesity in obese rats without any influence on caloric intake [155].

#### **5.10 Spices, turmeric and chili**

Herbs have such a longstanding experience of usage in food flavoring, while polyphenol found in spices has been demonstrated to get a variety of bioactivity, Anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial growth suppression are only a few of the benefits [156, 157]. Turmeric contains curcumin, which is a key bioactive component with a lengthy range of health benefits. Turmeric has been

#### *Obesity and Gut Microbiota DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105397*

demonstrated to have a significant effect on the public of certain intestinal microbiota in mice, notably Lactobacilli, Bacteroidaceae, and Rikenella, which have both been linked to obesity-related illnesses [135]. Curcumin decreased weight gain in obese menopausal rats without affecting estrogen levels and improved gut microbiota diversity [158].

Because capsaicin is a key component of chili's bioactive components, it's one of the most popular hot flavors. According to studies [159], capsaicin reduced weight gain and inactivated the muscarinic receptor type 1 in rats on the High - fat diet. Capsaicin reduced microorganisms and increased Aeruginosa muciniphila in highfat-fed mice [160].

#### **5.11 Obesity and short-chain fatty acids**

The most prevalent compounds in gut flora are sterols, which have some important pharmacological roles in keeping the host alive. By functioning as a link between the intestinal microbiota and the host, these chemicals influence barrier function, irritation regulation, bile salt conversion, immunological activity, and infection control. Despite their modest levels in the vascular, acetate and benzoate have direct impacts on organs by activating the hormonal and neurologic systems. For example, pectin is both a fossil fuel for epithelium and a histone deacetylase inhibitor that affects gene expression and cell destiny [161]. In adults, phytic acid suppresses fatty acid synthesis while simultaneously acting as a moderate pro in the gut [162]. Likewise, the microbiota's citric acid serves a variety of physiologic purposes. It is a precursor for lipid production [163], and an appetite suppressant via a primary hypothalamus pathway [164].

Short-chain fatty acids, primarily butyric acid, provide around 70% of fuel to the epithelium [165]. Acetic, propionic, and butyric acids can thus operate as both anabolic nutrients and chemical messengers in a wide range of cell activities [34].

Indigestible carbohydrate fibfibersres provide an extra biochemical energy source for the gut flora. Sulfonamides, the major metabolic byproducts, can be used for Vivo lipid or glycogen production [12]. The change in Short-chain- chain fatty acids levels in obese could be attributed to intestinal bacteria in the gut microbiome. This complex microbial population has a higher metabolic ability and performs a variety of tasks in the human gut [87].

The gut bacteria aid in the breakdown of raw carbohydrates into readily digestible oligosaccharides, as well as villus epithelial triglyceride lipase activity and Short-chain fatty acids synthesis [166], both of which are important for the host's nutrition and energy management. Intestinal bacteria may contribute to obesity by increasing nutrition and altering host lipid metabolic activity, as well as fueling homeostasis through its metabolites [167]. It's not unexpected that changes in intestinal flora diversity, with Firmicutes being more numerous in obese than lean patients, cause problems with energy uptake and management [28]. In the Netherlands, obese and overweight people exhibited higher fecal matter Short-chain- chain fatty acids concentrations and more Genera than their slim equivalents, according to research. Obese people are expected to yield more colon SCFA, implying a higher microbial power harvest [168, 169], confirming the theory that changes in SCFA levels in obesity are caused by dysregulation in the colon microbiome. Even more clearly, the gut flora influences weight control via SCFAs, altering energy imbalance and DNA synthesis through miRNAs [79].
