*2.10.1 Probiotic anti-pathogenic action*

Action of probiotics as anti-pathogenic is deemed as one of the most valuable effects in the probiotics, since the composition of the complex gut microbiota population is hindered, unlike conventional antibiotics, by disorder or change. Tejer in [93] examined the effect that probiotic substances can inhibit short-length fatty acid (SCFAs) pathogens (as acetic acids, propionic acids and lactic) on the survival activity of *Salmonella enterica*, Serovar typhimurium and *C. difficile* in a vitro scope model and postulated it. Kareem [94] investigated that SCFAs helps to maintain a colonic lumen pH that is imperative for the expression and for the metabolic rate of foreign compounds and carcinogenic substances in the gut [94]. Although it is known mainly for its highly virulent serotype (e.g., *E. coli* O157:H7), *E. coli* is a very common lower gut tenant and even a probiotic strain is known to be *E. coli* Nissle 1917; *E. coli* genus belongs in a Gram-negative family called Enterobacteriaceae (EcN). As previously mentioned, it has been proven that constipation [90] and inflammatory bowel disease were treated with other probiotics in 1917 [91]. This strain could also lessen gastrointestinal disorders like ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and even colon cancer.

**Figure 4.** *Applications of probiotic [92].*

### *2.10.2 Anti-obesity activity of probiotics*

The physiological actions of probiotics are important for the health of the microorganisms controlling the environment of host. Thermogenic and lipolytic reactions in most cases assist loss of weight by activation of the sympathetic nervous system. *Lactobacillus gasseri* BNR17, probiotic strains, have demonstrated characteristics to block the rise and therefore restrict leptin secretion in adipocyte tissues, as their major source of leptin and adiponectin. Hypocholesterolemia effects have also been shown to be present in other probiotic bacteria, such as *L. casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus* and *B. longum.*

### *2.10.3 The probiotics as angiogenic activity*

The term angiogenesis has proven crucial for the treatment of wounds and is needed to repair damaged tissue by delineating cellular responses [95]. The angiogenic programmed includes a set of cellular processes carefully regulated by which new vessels are created by the pre-existing cell reclamation and the production of cytokines, matrix-degrading enzymes, and chemokines. Angiogenesis that is deregulated is a key influence of cancer, diabetic retinopathy and IBD including CD and UC in main human illnesses [96]. Non-pathogenic *S. boulardii* probiotic yeast, protective from intestinal damage and inflammation, has been observed. However, these positive benefits remain unknown about the molecular mechanisms by which probiotics mediate. Probiotics may be potentially used to alter inflammatory cytokine profiles, decrease pro-inflammatory cascade regulation, induce regulatory mechanisms in a strain-specific way, strengthen the function of epithelial barriers, reduce the visceral hypersensitivity, increase traffic in spinal afferents, and reduce stress.
