*3.2.2 Eco-biology*

According to Xingyong et al. [258], in warmer temperate region of China, LBF has five generations per year. This pest completes its life cycle in about over 30 days [6]. The eggs of LBF are round, having smooth surface and yellow-white in color [259]. The eggs are laid either singly or in group of 8–10 on the lower surface of leaves or twigs within 2–3 days post-mating. The hatching of eggs occurs in 4–5 days. There are five larval stages with developmental time ranging from 27 to 35 days [6]. The final larval stage is ready to form a pupa. Larvae of this stage secrete watery and soft stool as compared to grainy or dry stools produced by other stages. During the onset of pupal formation, the body of last larval instar is compressed and it produces silken
