*3.1.4.4 Biological control*

The biological control agents of CLM play an important role in keeping the pest population below economic injury level. According to one report, 60% population of CLM was killed by its predators and parasitoids in Yuma. The common parasitoid *Cirrospilus coachellae* Gates (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) appears in late summer and early fall and effectively controls the CLM. The Yuma spider mite and *Tydeu* ssp. have been reported to feed on CLM larvae [230]. Browning et al. [240] and Pena et al. [241] also identified some parasitoids of CLM {(*Cirrospilus* sp., *Pnigalio minio* (Walker), *Sympiesis* sp., *Elasmus tischeriae* (Howard), *Closterocerus cinctipennis* Ashmead, *Horismenus* sp., and *Zagrammosoma multilineatum* (Ashmead)} in Florida during 1993–1994. The level of parasitism varies ranging up to 60%. The lowest parasitism level was recorded in late winter and early spring. Similarly, some predators have also been found to attack the CLM which include *Chrysoperla rufilabris* (Burmeister), *Solenopsis invicta* (Buren), predatory thrips and some spiders [242].
