*2.3.4.1 Mechanical and cultural control*

During winter, pruning of infested parts is recommended as it allows sufficient light penetration in the canopy, and thus helps in exposing the hibernating insects which are ultimately killed by natural enemies and solar light. Pruning as prophylactic approach is also best management option to prevent the attack of CMB in next season [10, 149]. Some ant species in the citrus orchards hinder the success of biological control of CMB by disrupting the activity of predators and parasitoids and they also act as mechanical carrier for mealybugs and transport them to their feeding sites [148]. Therefore, destruction of the ant colonies in citrus orchards is suggested to disrupt the mutualism between ants and CMB [10, 128, 137]. Plowing the soil near tree trunk during summer to expose the eggs and females to their natural enemies and sunlight is also best technique to control this pest. The sticky bands of 7–8 cm should be wrapped around trunk during second week of December at the height of 0.5 m from ground. The population of CMB can also be controlled by removing the bark as it helps in the elimination of harboring sites of CMB nymphs [150].

#### *2.3.4.2 Use of host plant resistance*

The tolerance/resistance against insect pest is also important phenomena and has been observed in three citrus cultivars *viz.*, *Citrus limon*, *C. macroptera,* and *C. grandis* against the attack of CMB. Therefore, these cultivars should be used as rootstock in management program against CMB. *C. sinensis* and *C. limettiodes* have been found moderately resistant to the attack by CMB and only suffer 20.65–30% leaf infestation [151].

#### *2.3.4.3 Biological control*
