**4.3 Hepatic protective effects of** *Citrus* **fruit**

The liver, the body's most significant digestive organ, is responsible for toxic compound metabolization via several routes, such as hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, conjugation, and hydration [57]. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a glycolipid of gram-negative bacteria's cell wall [16]. LPS raises total bilirubin levels, alkaline

phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Tissue and serum nitrite levels, as well as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, increased, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) content decreased. However, hesperidin injection restored all of these abnormalities, and the authors concluded that hesperidin might reduce nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and prevent LPS-induced hepatotoxicity [17].
