*3.2.4.1 Biological control*

Winotai and Napompeth [265] performed a survey of natural enemies of LBF in Thailand. The *Ooencyrtus malayensis* and *Tetrastichus* sp. were found to parasitize the egg stage. There are some predators which affect the larval stage such as *Proxys punctulatus*, *Podalonia sp*, bird (*Oriolus steerii*) and spider (*Nephila sp.*) [266]. The insect parasitoids such as *Erycia nymphalidophaga* [265], *Apanteles papilionis,* and *Bracon hebetor* [267] have been reported as larval parasitoid of LBF. The parasitoids which affect the pupal stage of LBF are *Brachymeria sp* and *Pteromalus puparom*.

#### **Figure 6.**

*Early instar larva (A) and adult (B) of* Papilio demoleus*. Photographs by https://momsmeanderings.wordpress.c om/2017/02/02/lifecycle-of-a-citrus-swallowtail-butterfly/ (A) and Foto Martein in the indoor butterfly garden "Jardins des Papillons" in Hunawihr, Alsace, France on June 22, 2007 (B).*

#### **Figure 7.**

*Late instar of* Papilio demoleus *feeding and cutting the leaf edges of citrus plant. Source: https://momsmeandering s.wordpress.com/2017/02/02/lifecycle-of-a-citrus-swallowtail-butterfly/.*
