**4.1 Commonly used soil amendments in agriculture**

Utilization of organic amendments as soil conditioner/ fertilizers though is old, but increasingly become popular worldwide not only to reduce chemicals but are a sustainable, eco-friendly approach. Soil amendments such as manures, compost, mineral/organic fertilizers, biochar, biosolids, microbes etc. generally improve plant growth and soil health [8, 36]. Reutilization of organic waste is also socially acceptable approach which could be better substitute to landfills, incineration and directly contribute to SDG goal 3 (Good health and wellbeing) and 6 (Clean water). Moreover, to combat soil degradation, a circular economy concept is a sustainable approach which had recently gained global attention. Organic farming could rejuvenate, and restore soil health, thus improving soil productivity by altering physical, chemical and biological properties. In this chapter, therefore, more emphasis is given to the role and importance of organic amendments on oilseed crops. Farmers are therefore, encouraged to integrate organic amendments in their farming system which can reduce chemical input cost and improve soil quality for long term cropping. Some of the commonly used organic amendments/ manure used in agriculture are described as follows.

