**3.4 Land degradation**

Land degradation due to deforestation is also one of the major problems. Animals reared for meat, milk, and eggs production are already covering one-third of the Earth planet surface. Cattle ranching is the primary cause of deforestation because forested lands are cut and cleared for making proper room for animal grazing and meat production [26]. The meat thus produced is exported to developed countries. The high meat demand in developed countries is rendering negative impact on the meat-producing country both due to deforestation and soil erosion. Besides grazing, high-quality protein feed production is also putting pressure on land. The number of those protein diets continues to increase as intensive farming increases. The employment of large area of land for feed production is resulting in loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and increased greenhouse gases emission [27].

## **3.5 Antimicrobial resistance**

Increasing demand for animal protein in intensive farming system has led to an increase in antimicrobial use (AMU) leading to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) [28]. Antimicrobials are mostly used in intensive animal farming to prevent or treat infection and are also given in animal diets for rapid growth [29]. Previous reported literature has shown that 73% of the antimicrobials available locally are given to animals raised for food. AMU in foodproducing animals can also affect humans, leading to antimicrobial resistance. The widespread use of antimicrobials in farms can also contaminate the environment, leading to the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens. Therefore, monitoring the global trends of antimicrobial use in intensive farming system is important to track progress associated with antimicrobial stewardship programs carried across regions [28].
