**1. Introduction**

While milk production per cow has risen dramatically in the last three decades through research that emphasizes efficient and sustainable milk production alongside productivity improvement, farmers still seek the wisdom of attempting to increase milk production with long production years in order to alleviate their fear of dairy cows' short productive lifespan. Moreover, achieving maximum productivity using scarce natural resources is the greatest challenge for dairy farmers, which can be addressed by implementing dairy farming innovations on every farmer's farm. The application of innovations at all stages of production, from fodder cultivation to milk marketing, is a critical need in today's world [1]. As a result, scientists and researchers devise a variety of innovations to increase resource efficiency and/or provide information to farmers. In the last two decades computerized or automated technologies, such as computerized feed delivery and milking systems, on-farm computers to manage dairy records, automatic take-offs for milking units, and a holding pen with an udder washer that uses computer hardware and software, have been discovered. Moreover, Pulsed electric fields, high hydrostatic pressure, high-pressure homogenization, ohmic and microwave heating, microfiltration, pulsed light, UV light processing, and carbon dioxide processing are some of the emerging dairy processing technologies that could reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions [2]. The efficiency of processing technologies is also enhanced by using bacteriocins. Furthermore, milk processing has a significant impact on small-scale dairy producers to generate higher cash incomes than selling raw milk and offers better opportunities to reach regional and urban markets. Milk processing can also help to deal with seasonal fluctuations in milk supply [3].

Despite the fact that achieving expected animal productivity at a lower cost for greater economic returns is dependent on the ability to transfer these innovations from the lab to the field in the dairy farming system, innovations have a significant impact in overcoming the sector's current challenges. Consequently, to raise milk production with minimal GHG emissions, improved animal husbandry techniques should be adopted in smallholder household dairy farms [1] along with technological innovations.

Biotechnology's application in the dairy industry has a substantial role that improve milk production, animal health, and food processing. Genetically modified microorganisms such as bacteriocins and probiotics have been associated with lowering the risks of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and heart disease, as well as better weight management [4]. Besides, probiotic products contain microorganisms that are viable, specific, and effective in critical nutritional physiology systems. *Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Saccharomyces,* and *Streptococcus* are some of the bacteria found in fermented dairy products [5, 6]. Bio-preservation with natural preservatives has a positive effect on consumer health promotion in addition to improving food safety and shelf-life as a technological effect [4].

Furthermore, the application of technology has had a significant impact on addressing several challenges faced by the food industry on food safety, preservation, nutrition, and allergies, food security, changing consumer needs, environmental concerns, economic viability, and policy reforms. Dairy processing companies around the world need efficient, low-cost, and automated innovations to increase profits and meet the demand of a wide range of products. Therefore the aim of this paper is to recapitulate and combine the different information on current development in milk production and processing.
