**4. Sustainable development**

### **4.1 Manure handling and management**

Some researchers [1] reported that industrialized beef and dairy cattle production concentrated manure on limited land areas. A small proportion of the cost of production (about 3 %) was usually spent as cost of manure removal in large farms. Manure was usually applied as fertilizer on crop land and most of the manure needed to be well managed so as not to pollute the land surface water and the atmosphere through the volatilization of gases (GHG) and odours.
