**7.2 Forest plot**

Significant heterogeneity values were observed in the forest plot built for intensive animal farming activities carried out in Pakistan. included studies The heterogeneity values of the included studies was (Tau^2 = 0.178, P = <0.001, I^2 of 99.17%), as shown in **Figure 3**.

For analyzing trends in intensive animal farming practices being overtaken in Pakistan, a subgroup analysis was performed based on year. As depicted in **Figure 4**, substantial heterogeneity was seen during the study period.
