**2. Overview of the global dairy industry**

Global milk production trends increases dramatically in the last 30 years from 530 million tonnes in 1988 to 843 million tonnes in 2018 [3]. Over the next ten years, global milk production is expected to increase at a rate of 1.6 percent each year (to 997 Mt. by 2029), outpacing most other major agricultural commodities [7], however, the expected growth remains tight in 2022, with only a 0.6 percent increase projected and EU countries produced below the expectation, especially New Zealand and Australia [8]. Moreover, the global milk production reported in January 2022 was lower by 1.6%

#### *Recent Advances and Application of Biotechnology in the Dairy Processing Industry: A Review DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105859*

than the previous year's counterpart [9]. USDA is estimating just a 0.7% rise in milk production in 2022, which is bullish for milk prices.

On the other hand, milk production growth is predicted to decline by 0.5 percent per year in the European Union (EU) and reach 162 million tonnes by 2031. However, organic milk production in this region is predicted to increase (to 8% by 2031), resulting in economic gains, environmental benefits, and improved animal welfare [10]. The growth of average global milk production is achieved by improving the dairy cow production performance than the number of herds. Besides the large volume of milk consumed in the form of fresh dairy products, including pasteurized and fermented products, due to a significant increase in milk product demand in developing nations, the proportion of worldwide fresh dairy products consumption is predicted to rise over the next decade OECD [11]. In developed countries, processed dairy products are preferred, whereas, in underdeveloped countries, fresh dairy products account for more than 75% of the average per capita daily intake of milk solids. In underdeveloped countries, regional differences are enormous, with fresh dairy product consumption ranging from 99% in Ethiopia to 5.8% in the Philippines OECD [11].

Furthermore, according to Minj *et al*. [12], the production, storage, and distribution of various types of dairy products, as well as the management of dairy-related data, are significantly influenced by global milk production and processing. According to literature evidence, various processing technologies have been used to produce several types of milk and milk products. Market milk, flavored milk, cream, butter, butter oil/ghee, condensed and evaporated milk, milk powder, fermented milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream, and indigenous dairy products are among the most common processed dairy products. The major processing technologies necessitate a robust setup for continuous production and maintaining final product quality [12].

#### **2.1 Revolutions in milk production and milking**

Manual or hand milking is a time-consuming, labor-intensive process and the milk preserving process is also unsanitary, moreover, a bacterial infection in milk can occur as a result of a manual process. Wondatir [13] proposed a novel robotic milking technology that can grab the milking claws of cows. Introducing auto-milking has solved this problem more efficiently through lowering costs and manpower, automatically preserving the milk by using various smart cooling tanks. Few models of low-cost, nonelectric milking machines are also developed considering the locality and need of dairy farms. Milk that did not fit for human consumption is diverted to a separate container. The sensors in the automatic milking machine play important role in detecting the readiness of teats for milking and also identify impurities, color, and quality of milk. The majority of auto-milking systems rely on two components: a computer and specialized herd management software. This material can perform activities such as collecting the animal, cleaning the animal before milking, attaching the milking equipment, extracting milk, removing the equipment, and routing the animal out of the special area Muhammad Osama [14]. The robotic feeding system can calculate the effectiveness of feed for milk production as well as a cow's nutritional requirements.

The invention and introduction of highly efficient automatic milk meters that built into robotic milking systems of cows are extremely important to control the main technological parameters in the process of milking (live weight, temperature, electrical conductivity, and so on) [15, 16]. Additionally, it is also a remarkable role to determine different stages of lactation, heat periods, somatic cell count, motor

activity, and other zootechnical registration parameters. Viguier et al. [17] revealed the use of SCC as an alternative method of detecting mastitis. Hereafter numerous sensors are used in the production of high-quality milk and the use of microchip technologies has resulted in faster results. Furthermore, with these technologies, you will be able to diagnose mastitis more successfully with more effective tests and results with a wider angle and more accurate results. Milk conductivity and milk appearance are commonly used on farms. Other methods, on the other hand, provide another early mastitis detection for a quick and accurate decision to cure the disease.

Moreover, an automatic milking system has a priceless impact not only on milking but also on management systems including feeding, cow traffic, cow behavior, grazing, milk quality, and animal health by using electronic devices or sensors. A large number of research studies have reported analyses of AMS impact on specific aspects such as milk yield/quality [18, 19], animal behavior/health/welfare herd management [20] performance, and labor efficiency [21, 22]. Some studies reported a 2 to 12 percent increase in milk production in cows milked 2+ times per day in AMS compared to cows milked twice per day in traditional milking parlors. However, the result of Hansen et al. [23] revealed that the use of AMS did not show an increase in milk production, especially for prim parous cows [24–26].

The machine can monitor the state of herd productivity and express milk analysis is a critical condition for effective milk production and industry competitiveness. Express analysis of each animal's milk allows you to assess the animal's health and productivity with confidence. The data obtained from the automated machine will be processed and used to control the level of productivity and identify problems for immediate corrective action [27].

The first commercial AMS in dairy farms was introduced in the Netherlands in the 1990s, and about 50,000 units were adopted worldwide by 2020 [28]. AMS is mainly concentrated in Europe (90%), Canada (9%), and other countries (1%). However, it is expected that by 2025, 50% of dairy cows in North-Western Europe will be equipped with AMS [29].

To recapitulate, the innovation of robotic milking machines is useful in eliminating the pressure on human labor and maintaining a hygienic milking process with remarkable improvement in milk production, as well as managing every aspect of management and reproduction in the farm by incorporating an automated milk meter on it.

#### **2.2 Recent advances in milk processing or dairy industry**

In the last two decades, major technological advances in the fluid milk processing industry have been observed, with a significant improvement in all unit operations such as separation, standardization, pasteurization, homogenization, and packaging. Besides, many advances have been made in terms of production capacity, automation, and sanitary operation [30]. Traditionally, milk is processed by heating it to a specific temperature for a fixed period of time, which results in a significant reduction in the microbial population [31]. However, recently developed nonthermal processing methods are ideal for milk and other food staff with higher performance of eliminating microorganisms or any other biological entities without causing a significant temperature rise, thereby preventing a chain of undesirable reactions in foods [31]. High-pressure processing (HPP), microfiltration, centrifugation, pulsed electric field (PEF), ultraviolet light (UV), and cold plasma processing are among the widely used nonthermal processing. Moreover, automated technologies have also been developed to reduce labor costs and losses during processing, including automated

### *Recent Advances and Application of Biotechnology in the Dairy Processing Industry: A Review DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105859*

clean-in-place (CIP) system, inclined film scraped surface heat exchanger (ISSHE), automated spray dryer, membrane processing (ultra filtration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO), micro-filtration (MF), nano filtration (NF), and electrodialysis). Ultrasonic processing or sonication is a promising alternative technology in the food industry as it has the potential to improve the technological and functional properties of milk and dairy products. Furthermore, High-intensity ultrasound (HIU) is a promising emerging technology, specially designed for economy, simplicity, and energy efficiency. HIU has multiple benefits either in the processing or evaluation of products [32]. It also offers a great potential to control, improve, and accelerate processes without damaging the quality of food and other products.
