**10. A long-term irrigation system for small landholdings in rain-fed agriculture Punjab Pakistan**

The drip irrigation system plays a vital role for fruits and vegetables in Pakistan, but the primary hindrance to the widespread acceptance is for small landowners. Because the drip system was obtained from local merchants, it was also less expensive. In 2015 and 2016, field trials were conducted on vegetables (potato, onion, and chilies) and fruits to analyze the productive and economic effects of low-cost drip irrigation (olive, peach, and citrus). While comparing with other systems this system saved 50% on water expenditures and created 27–54% net revenue. Drip and furrow irrigation systems have obtained water use efficiency (WUE) of 3.91–13.30 kg/m3 and 1.28 4.89 kg/m<sup>3</sup> , respectively. According to the current study, low-cost drip irrigation increased yield by more than 20% [25].

#### **11. Sustainability enhancement and management**

There are no obvious flaws in this technology that make irrigation development unsustainable in the long run. Salt accumulation/mobilization and accompanying downstream water deterioration, as well as the development of waterborne infections, are the only two sustainability issues organically linked to irrigation technology. Careful planning and the implementation of mitigation measures can help solve these issues.

The most typical causes of water logging and salinity are poor planning, inadequate irrigation efficiency, and development issues. The consequences of planned interventions can be better predicted with the development of comprehensive model-based planning and design approaches. This will help in the battle against flooded and saline regions throughout the world.

Improving irrigation efficiency is a requirement that will be pushed upon the irrigation industry, gladly or unwillingly, for the welfare of the sector. Many of the above-highlighted sustainability issues are directly or indirectly connected to the already permitted irrigation water waste.

