*2.6.1 Use of botanical insecticides*

Botanical pesticides are pesticides that are produced from plant parts. Several types of plants can be used as vegetable pesticides: Srikaya seeds (annonacin) which are stomach poison and contact to control aphids, jicama (pchyrrhizid) to control (*Plutella zinckenella*), tuba roots (Derris), *Lantana cedar* (salira), *Fragrant Lemongrass* (Andopogon), Patchouli (*Pogostemon cabilin*), Clove (*Euginia sygium*),


#### **Table 2.**

*Average intensity of soybean leaf damage due to S.litura pest attack.*

#### *Soybean Cultivation Technology Innovation and Environmentally Friendly Pest Control in Paddy… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109897*

Neem (*Azadirachta indica*), tobacco leaves and pork nuts (Kphrosia candida). Of all these vegetable ingredients, pork and neem nuts have the highest ability and are almost comparable to carbaryl insecticides in controlling weevil pests [22].

Neem extract should be sprayed at an early stage of insect development, sprayed on the leaves, and sprinkled on the roots so that it can be absorbed by plants and control insects in the soil [23]. Furthermore, it was said that 50 g of neem seed extract was dissolved in 1 liter of water and added 0.5 ml/l grading agent effectively suppressed mite populations on sweet potatoes with a mortality of 70%. neem 50 g/l water can reduce yield loss of *Maruca testulalis* by 13–45%. The results of research by Sukorini [24], the application of vegetable pesticides from amethyst leaves gives the lowest attack intensity (0.53–0.89%) and the highest on butrowali plants (1.02–1.94%) in cabbage plants clove leaves contain eugenol between 70 and 95% which can kill microorganisms such as *Bacillus subtillis*, *Staphylococcus aureus*, and *Escherichia coli*. In addition, eugenol can also kill or suppress the development of plant pathogens such as *Fusarium oxyspora, Phytopthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani*, and *Sclerotium rolfii* [25].

Based on their origin, biopesticides are divided into two: Botanical pesticides, which are extracts from certain parts of plants, including leaves, fruit, seeds, and roots, which have toxic properties against certain pests and diseases. Botanical pesticides are generally used to control pests (insecticides) and diseases (bactericidal or fungicide). Several types of plants are capable of controlling pests such as the Meliaceae family (Neem) and the Anonaeceae family (Srikaya seeds and Soursop seeds). The results Indiati, S.W. dan Marwoto [26] that the use of castor seed extract (*Ricinus communis*) as a vegetable antifertility ingredient in field rats with 2 ml/100 g of rat body weight/day given for 5 days, causes infertility in female field rats and has the effect of reducing 64.2–90.70% active sperm temperature in male rats compared to controls. The results of Balitsa Lembang research [27], several types of plants that can be used as vegetable pesticides: sugar apple seeds (annonain) which are stomach and contact poisons for controlling aphis, yam seeds (pchyrrhizid) for controlling (*P. zinckenella*), tuba roots (Derris), *Cypress lantana* (salira), *Fragrant citronella* (Andopogon), patchouli (*Pogostemon cabilin*), cloves (*Euginia sygium*), neem (*Azadirachta indica*), tobacco leaves and pork nuts (*Kphrosia candida*). Of all these vegetable ingredients, pig beans and neem have the highest ability and are almost comparable to carbaryl insecticides in controlling weevils [27].

According to Thamrin et al. [28], extract from the bark of kapayang (*Pangium edule*) can kill the puith stem borer (*Scipopaga innotata*) around 80% after application, while controls using synthetic insecticides (BPMC) have a mortality of around 100%. Furthermore, it is said that rose, papaya, jengkol, lemongrass, noni, pepper, and gadung plants can kill caterpillars (*Plutella xylostella*) around 65–100%. The use of kedondong leaf extract can kill Plusia sp. larvae around 26.7% at 36 hours after infestation (jsi), 66.7% at 48 hrs, and 77.0% at 72 hrs, while the control (chlorpyrifos (control) kills 83, 3% at 36 jsi, 100% at 48 isi. Similarly, Luwa leaf extract (*Ficus glomerata*) can kill plutella caterpillar plants (*Plutella sp*) by about 70%, parang red beans, green severe beans, and soursop are quite effective in killing pariah fruit caterpillars by about 75–80%. Betel leaf contains saponins, flavonoids, and polyphenols, while galangal rhizome contains benzyl benzoate, −methoxycinamal and xanthorhizal which can be used to control neck disease in rice (*Pyricularia oryzae*), and leaf spot disease in peanuts.

Neem (*Azadirachta indica*) contains the active compounds azadirachtin, meliantriol, and salanin. It is in the form of powder from leaves or liquid oil from seeds/ fruit. Effectively prevents eating (antifeedant) for insects and prevents insects from approaching plants (repellent) and is systemic. Neem can make insects sterile

because it can interfere with hormone production and insect growth. Neem has a spectrum effective for controlling soft-bodied insects (200 species), including grasshoppers, thrips, caterpillars, white butterflies, etc. Besides that, it can also be used to control fungi (fungicides) at a preventive stage, causing fungal spores to fail to germinate. Controlled fungi include powdery mildew, rot, leaf smallpox/scab, leaf rust, and leaf spot. And prevent bacteria in powdery mildew (powdery mildew). Neem extract should be sprayed at an early stage of insect development, sprayed on the leaves, and sprinkled on the roots so that it can be absorbed by plants and control insects in the soil.

Tuba root (*Deris eliptica*) is a compound that has been found, including rotenon. Rotenone can be extracted using ether/acetone to produce 2–4% rotenone resin, made into water concentrate. Rotenon works as a very strong cell poison (insecticide) and as an antifeedant that causes insects to stop eating. Insect death occurs several hours to several days after rotenone exposure. Rotenone can be mixed with pyrethrin/sulfur. Rotenone is a broad-spectrum (non-systemic) contact poison and a stomach poison. Rotenone can be used as a molluscicide (for mollusks), insecticide (for insects), and acaricide (for mites).

Rotenone can be used as a molluscicide (for mollusks), insecticide (for insects), and acaricide (for mites).

The compound tobacco contains is nicotine. It turns out that nicotine is not only toxic to humans but can also be used to poison insects. Dry tobacco leaves contain 2–8% nicotine. Nicotine is a fast-acting nerve poison. Nicotine acts as a contact poison for insects such as caterpillars that destroy leaves, aphids, triphs, and control fungi (fungicides).

In addition to being able to kill plant-disturbing insects, vegetable insecticides can also function as (1) Reference, which repels the presence of insects mainly due to their smell or the substances they contain, (2) Antifidants, causing insects to dislike plants, for example, because they taste bad, (3) Preventing insects from laying eggs and inhibiting the process of hatching eggs, (4) Poisons that can interfere with the nervous system and insect hormones, and (5) Attractants, as attractants for the presence of insects that can be used as a trap plant. Natural ingredients that contain bioactive compounds can be classified into three, namely (1) natural ingredients containing anti-phytopathogenic compounds (agricultural antibiotics), (2) natural ingredients containing compounds that are phytotoxins and plant growth regulators (phytotoxins, plant hormones, and the like) and natural ingredients containing compounds that are active against insects (insect hormones, pheromones, anti-oxidants, repellents, attractants, and insecticides that poison plants) (**Figure 9**).

**Figure 9.**

*The process of making vegetable insecticides by farmers (a-c) and the extract results for vegetable insecticides (d).*

*Soybean Cultivation Technology Innovation and Environmentally Friendly Pest Control in Paddy… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109897*

#### *2.6.2 Use of pathogens*

SlNPV propagation was carried out by taking several armyworms instars 4 and 5 which died naturally due to virus infection in soybean plantations with the characteristics of the caterpillars being elongated/expanding, not shrinking when massaged emitting a foul-smelling liquid, and sometimes hanging on the lower surface of the leaves.. The armyworm then made an emulsion using sterile aqua dest. The armyworm NPV emulsion was then diluted with sterile aqua dest and rubbed on the surface of the mulberry leaves. The caterpillars were kept until they died. After death, the armyworms were collected, extracted, mixed with distilled water, and then filtered using nylon gauze to obtain a pure coarse polyhedra suspension. According to Bedjo [29], the use of SLNPV (*Spodoptera liture* Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus) 150–200 g/ha can kill around 80–100% of the *S liture* armyworm. S LNPV multiplies in its host's cells, so the transmission is through food. Symptoms of SLNPV transmission in armyworms appear 1–3 days after application. Instar-1 caterpillars infected with SLNPV will look milky white. Symptoms in instar caterpillars 3 and 4 will appear brownish white on the abdomen (abdomen), while on the back it is blackish milk brown. If the 5th and 6th instar caterpillars are infected with SLNPV, then at the pupal stage they will rot. In caterpillars that are infected with the SLNPV virus, their feeding activity is reduced, movement is slow, and the body swells due to the replication or multiplication of SLNPV virus particles. The caterpillar's integument usually becomes soft and brittle and easily torn. If the body of the caterpillar is broken, it will emit a very pungent odor. The death of caterpillars infected with this virus in the field is characterized by symptoms of the bodies of the larvae hanging or clinging to leaves or twigs of plants. Armyworm death usually occurs 3–7 days after contracting the virus. Furthermore, Sanjaya et al. [30], stated that a dose of 438 PIB/ml SINPV is sufficient. Effective for killing Instar-5 larvae in armyworms.

Biological pesticides are formulations that contain certain microbes in the form of bacteria, fungi, or viruses that are antagonistic to other microbes (causing plant diseases) or produce certain compounds that are toxic to both insects and nematodes. Some examples of biological insecticides include: (1) Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), (2) *Beuveria bassiana* (sunflower isolate) which is capable of controlling noncong beetles, the main pest of orchids and ticks on chrysanthemum plants, (3) Bio-PF contains Pf to control wilt, (4) Bio-GL contains (Gliodadium spp) to control soil-borne diseases, and (5) Prima—BAPF contains Bacillus spp. to control root swelling, wilt disease and root rot [31]. To distinguish between armyworms that die due to virus infection and pesticide poisoning in the field, it can be seen the characteristics and differences that arise, namely the death of caterpillars affected by the virus, they tend to elongate or not shrink, whereas if they die from pesticides, they tend to shrink. Larvae that die from the virus, when they are massaged or pricked, tear easily and secrete mucus like pus which smells bad, while caterpillars that are exposed to pesticides do not smell bad [32].

The results of laboratory experiments show that NPV has a high biotic potential, indicated by its level of pathogenicity which is expressed by the LC50 value (the concentration that kills 50% of the population). The LC50SlNPV for the armyworm was 5.4 × 103 polyhedra inclusion bodies (PIBs)/ml [33], while for the pod-eating caterpillar, it was 6 × 103 PIBs/ml [34]. The NPV infection process begins with the ingestion of the polyhedra by the caterpillar with the feed. In the digestive tract, which is alkaline (pH 9.0–10.5), the polyhedra coat dissolves,

**Figure 10.**

*Ulat yang terinfeksi virus NPV (a), making process and biological insecticides and their application at the farm level (b).*

freeing the virions. Virions penetrate the wall of the digestive tract to enter the body cavity, then infect susceptible cells. Virion replication occurs in the cell nucleus. Within 1–2 days after the polyhedra are ingested, the hemolymph which was originally clear turns cloudy. The caterpillar looks greasy, accompanied by swollen integumentary membranes and changes in body color to pale-reddish, especially on the stomach. Its ability to eat decreases, so its growth is slow. The caterpillar tends to crawl to the top of the plant and then dies hanging upside down with the pseudo limbs at the end of the plant. The integument of the dead caterpillar undergoes lysis and disintegration, making it very fragile. Polyhedra. Young caterpillars (instars l-lll) die within 2 days, while old caterpillars (instars IV-VI) in 4–9 days after the polyhedra are ingested [35].

Considering that it is susceptible to sun exposure, especially ultra-violet rays, and the behavior of caterpillars that are active in the evening and at night [36].

The Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) bioinsecticide is one type of pathogenic virus that has the potential as a biological agent in controlling armyworms because it is specific, selective, effective for pests that are resistant to insecticides, and safe for the environment. NPV has been developed in vivo in the Balitkabi laboratory, for biological control of Lepidoptera pests. As a bioinsecticide, the virus can control target insect pests precisely because it is specific, has a fairly high killing ability, is relatively inexpensive, and does not pollute the environment. The results of NPV engineering with carrier materials can maintain NPV virulence so that it can suppress armyworm populations on soybean plants in the field by up to 90% [29] (**Figure 10**).

To distinguish between armyworms that die due to virus infection and pesticide poisoning in the field, it can be seen the characteristics and differences that arise, namely the death of caterpillars affected by the virus, they tend to elongate or not shrink, whereas if they die from pesticides, they tend to shrink. Larvae that die from the virus, when they are massaged or pricked, tear easily and secrete mucus like pus which smells really bad, while caterpillars that are exposed to pesticides do not smell bad [32]. NPV application should be done in the afternoon or evening under favorable weather conditions, considering that it is susceptible to sun exposure, especially ultra-violet rays, and the behavior of caterpillars that are active in the evening and at night [36]. The results of other studies regarding the use of NPV to control armyworms in rice can cause 53% mortality at 3 days after inoculation and 95% at 9 days after inoculation [37].

*Soybean Cultivation Technology Innovation and Environmentally Friendly Pest Control in Paddy… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109897*
