*2.4.1 Application of organic fertilizer from straw fermentation*

Composting straw increases the levels of macro and micronutrients, especially Phosphorus (P2O5) and Potassium (K2O), as well as Magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K) (**Table 1**). The main nutrient elements that need to be added to fertilizing cocoa plants include Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Magnesium [8] (**Figure 6**).

The results of soil analysis after immersion of rice straw into the soil and fertilization showed an increase in the percentage of clay mass in the soil. After most of the material has decomposed in the composting process, the temperature will gradually decrease, and at this time advanced compost maturation occurs, namely the formation of a humus clay complex [9].

#### *2.4.2 Application of liquid organic fertilizer from cow urine (Biourin)*

This ceremony uses the means of plant destruction as a vegetable pesticide. However, this is forgotten by subak member farmers in Bali [10]. Biourine is a liquid organic fertilizer derived from the urine of fermented livestock. Fermentation technology is used in processing cow urine into bio urine. This process can cause changes in the properties of materials into simpler molecules so that they are easily absorbed by plants. Based on research conducted by Sutari [11], there was an increase

#### **Figure 6.**

*How farmers make fermented straw for organic fertilizer (a) and how farmers apply organic fertilizer from fermented straw (b).*

*Soybean Cultivation Technology Innovation and Environmentally Friendly Pest Control in Paddy… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109897*

**Figure 7.**

*Liquid organic fertilizer from cow urine (Biourine) (a), liquid organic fertilizer application on soybean (b), and growth of soybeans that have been given biourine liquid fertilizer (c).*

in macronutrient content, micronutrients, and pH in the urine of cattle that had been fermented into bio urine. Cow bio urine can improve plant growth because, cow urine contains elements of N (0.36%), P2O5 (5.589 mg/l), K2O (975.0 mg/l), Ca (25.5 mg/l). and C-organic (0.706%) [12]. Besides that, cow bio urine can improve the physical properties of the soil because beef bio urine is fermented using Azotobacter and Bacillus sp. Biourine contains the hormone Indo Acetate Acid (IAA) of 1197.6 mg/l, while the urine of fresh cattle containing IAA is only 704.26 mg/l. IAA hormone functions as the main auxin in plants [11].

MOL (local micro-organisms) can function as decomposers and also as liquid organic fertilizer. According to Septiana et al. [13], plant residues such as kale, spinach, mustard greens, cabbage, and bamboo shoots can be made into liquid organic fertilizer by adding a biocatalyst. The addition of 60 ml of the biocatalyst is very good for increasing the phosphorus content to 79.26 ppm in the manufacture of liquid organic fertilizer from mustard greens and spinach waste. Baharuddin [14], agricultural waste such as municipal waste, straw, corn waste, sugarcane waste, and livestock manure can be processed using biotechnology to produce liquid organic fertilizer/MOL and biopesticides. The results of research by Suhera et al. [15], microbes as a type of MOL are quite effective for increasing the weathering process in plant residues. Giving Microbat 20% can inhibit *Phytophthora palmivora* by about 50%. Furthermore, it was said that giving Microbat 10% could accelerate weathering (92%) compared to using EM-4 10% (75%). Giving 10 cc/l of Microbat water can increase potato production 30–45% (**Figure 7**).

According to Widhiastuti et al. [16], some other agricultural wastes are good enough to make liquid organic fertilizers such as palm oil mill waste as soil biodiversity fertilizer. The waste can function as organic fertilizer by increasing the physical, chemical, and biodiversity properties of the soil, and increasing the total soil bacteria.
