**2.1 Genotyping-by-sequencing of food legumes**

The 1st genome sequencing of Arabidopsis (*Arabidopsis thaliana*) was completed in 2000; after this achievement, it has been proved that information about the genome of any crop species is a major and necessary step to the advancement of that crop species (**Table 1**).

Our knowledge of different crop plant traits, including food legumes, has expanded during the past few decades due to advances in plant biotechnology and genomic technologies [27]. Genome sequencing enables crops to be improved on the basis of genomic gains and the selection of genes that possess desirable characteristics that increase the quality and quantity of produce. This also provides detailed information on genome structure and mutagenic changes due to deletions and insertions and discloses the pathways linked to different stress responses. In legumes, *Lotus japonicus* (Japanese trefoil) and Medicago truncatula, these two species with small genome sizes were selected as reference genomes. The genome sequence of the majority of the legume crops is now available; for soybean, groundnut proginator, chickpea, pigeonpea, common bean, and adzuki bean. Completely sequenced legume species (with completed and annotated genomes): *Cajanus cajan* (833 Mb genome), *Cicer arietinum* (738 Mb), *Glycine max* (1,112 Mb), *Lotus japonicus* (472 Mb), *Medicago truncatula* (373 Mb) and *Phaseolus vulgaris*, respectively (588 Mb). These species have between 28,269 and 48,680 genes and 25,640 to 243,067 transcripts, respectively.

In addition to revealing the genome sequences of different legume crops, different research institutes re-sequenced legume germplasm lines because draft genomes are now available, so it is easy to deploy whole genome re-sequencing-based approaches in legumes. This approach will help to learn more about genome architecture,


**Table 1.**

*Summary of genome sequence and resequencing efforts in important legumes.*

structural variations, genome evolution, and genome dynamics during domestication. As a result, different genotypes/lines/accessions were chosen for these legumes based on their priority in respective crop improvement programmes.
