**Abstract**

Non-coding RNA molecules are generally present in a dispersed manner throughout the genome. They may behave as long ncRNAs or convert into small RNAs of around 20–24 nts that are universally categorized using their size, function, or chromosomal position. ncRNAs are thought to play a vital role in regulating and modulating gene expression apart from their prospective role in several epigenetic mechanisms controlling specificity in biochemical pathways and phenotype development in clonal cells. They are also part of the natural defense system against viruses. ncRNA modulates genes by transcriptional and translational control of growth, development, and stress response alongside other RNA molecules. Some modes of action have unraveled in recent years. A lot more needs to be pondered upon for comprehending their involvement in the extremely intricate processes in a more wholesome manner. In this chapter, we will discuss the different ncRNA, their origin, classification, and their role in various physiological processes. Practical examples of the discovery of ncRNA in different crops and their functions have also been elucidated with the required details. The yield and quality enhancement, along with the better stress response being the aim of the crop improvement program, the prospective utilities of ncRNA are also explained in the subsequent part of the chapter.

**Keywords:** ncRNA, Epigentics, gene regulation, stress response, plant breeding
