**1. Introduction**

Radish (*Raphanus sativus* L.) is an annual herbaceous plant with two sets of nine chromosomes [1]. It is a member of the Cruciferae family and consumed raw as a salad component, garnish, and shredded radish [2]. Furthermore, radish has been used in cuisines all throughout the globe. Radish is often used in eastern Asian cuisines [3]. Priority is given to the creation of superior radish cultivars suitable for tropical and subtropical climates [4]. Furthermore, breeding research on a variety of agronomic qualities, such as disease resistance and suitability to human use, has been done. High yield, early maturity, late bolting, pungency, cold-hardiness, drought resistance, heat tolerance, and soil adaptation are all important features for radish breeding [2]. There are correlations between the consistency of the radish and its

sugar concentration, pungency, cell complexity, water content, and pore size [5]. To develop radish varieties, mass selection or pedigree techniques are being used, with an emphasis on the red globe, oval red, and white forms [6]. The most difficult problem has been adapting radish cultivation to many growth seasons [7]. For a successful radish breeding procedure, significant genetic data on chromosomes and inheritance information for numerous genes relevant for agronomic, biochemical, and biotic and abiotic stressors must be collected [8, 9]. It is required to undertake research utilizing novel methods, such as chromosomal or gene modification [10].

Physical attractiveness, including length, form, size, and skin tone, has a significant influence on consumer desire and marketing judgment [11]. The skin is generally white, but it may take on pink, red, purple, yellow, and green tones. Red radishes, on the other hand, are around 40 cm long and have a mild flavor (not as spicy) [5]. The anthocyanin pelargonidin is responsible for red colors, whereas a cyanidin derivative is responsible for purple hues. Even while quality-related characteristics are highly heritable, cultivation practices often have a significant impact on them. Radishes' swelling taproots may take the shape of an oval, tapering, or cylindrical object [12]. Furthermore, cylindrical root variations are often collected mechanically [13]. Radish roots are high in antler velvet, generate beneficial phytochemicals, have cancer-preventive effects, and increase the flavor of Brassica products greatly [14]. Furthermore, radishes provide us with complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and organic nutrients and minerals [15].

Omics methodologies based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques provide a significant amount of genomic research [16], which also allows for the distribution and acquisition of positional markers on the chromosomes as well as the identification of new genes and sequences [17]. Furthermore, genome-wide studies show the genetic foundation of some characteristics [18]. The ability to re-sequence genomes allows for genome-wide investigation of important markers and higherthroughput genotyping [19]. Less research has been generated that examines the most crucial historical events as well as current achievements in radish breeding. As a consequence, we have a wealth of information on all aspects of radish breeding and its countless accomplishments in this sector. We anticipate that vegetable breeders will benefit from this chapter in the future.
