**10. Discussion and conclusion**

The advent of advanced targeted, 'customizable,' and precise new technologies for insect resistant plants, in their various embodiments and combinations, symbolises a sustainable option countering the emergence of resistant weeds, lessening agrochemical use, and curtailing adverse effects on nontarget organisms. The direct application of chimeric ODNs or siRNAs to plant cells enables for the generation of technically non-GM organisms. Inevitably, the refinement of promising techniques that are not currently destined to assign insect resistance, such as RNA manipulation with pentatricopeptide repeat proteins, the use of polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs), ribozymes, and riboswitches, will likely expand the defence mechanism against pests available to researchers and farmers. However, thanks to recent advancements like RenSeq and directed molecular evolution, which enable the rapid identification of novel immune receptor genes, the pool of deployable genes for enhanced resistance to other microorganisms has grown significantly. In the near future, developments in molecular stacking and targeted gene insertion by genome editing are projected to predominate in establishing broad-spectrum resistance against both viral and nonviral diseases. Moreover, increasingly diverse, accurate, and economical genome-editing techniques like CRISPR-Cas allow for precise change of endogenous genes for disease resistance, such as susceptibility and decoy genes. On the flip side, the persistent cultivation of herbicide crops is estimated to have resulted in the resurgence of herbicide resistance in numerous weeds. Nevertheless, by benefiting from the shortcomings of the issue, the adverse consequences of herbicide-based technologies might be substantially minimised by introducing variety in weed control using alternative approaches, with an emphasis on crop rotation, herbicide rotation, and herbicide formulations. Stress-resistant plants may be generated with or without tissue culture by using simple knock-in, knock-out, replacement, fine-tuning of gene regulation, and point mutations at any gene locus. Although genome editing technology is in in its beginning phases, disruptions in specific genes can have unintended


#### **Table 8.**

*List of globally approved and released transgenic crops for various characters.*

negative consequences for plant growth and development. More research is needed to fully exploit the ability of the CRISPR-Cas System in regulating abiotic stress. One rationale could be that the genes governing beneficial qualities in crops are largely
