**3. Indonesia's performance in world cassava trade flows**

Indonesia ranks fourth in the world as a cassava producer with a production share of 9.26% and an average production of 22.819 million tons (**Table 3**), Cassava in the world is traded in form of fresh cassava and processed dried cassava.

The average growth of cassava export volume from 2011–2016 increased by 96.21% per year. Exports of cassava from Indonesia are in the form of fresh and processed, such as cassava flour, shredded cassava, and cassava pellets. Indonesia's cassava exports are mainly to Taiwan, the Philippines, Australia, Malaysia, England, and Brunei Darussalam. Meanwhile, the volume of cassava imports in the same period also fluctuated with a tendency to increase by 76.32% per year. Indonesia's cassava imports are generally in the form of cassava flour, shredded cassava, and cassava pellets, mainly from Thailand, Vietnam, and Myanmar [24–26].

As a cassava-producing country with an average production of 22.819 million tons, Indonesia is only able to export dried cassava on average 41,241 tons or only 1.90% share of world cassava exports. Meanwhile, the volume of dried cassava imports in Indonesia is quite small, with an average of 406 tons (0.01%) or ranks 31st in the world. Most of the cassava production is still absorbed by the domestic market for consumption and industry. The problem of "large production but small exports" is not only experienced by Indonesia but also by several countries, such as Nigeria and Brazil [27].

The low export of cassava from Indonesia causes the low price of imported cassava starch. As a result, cassava farmers cannot compete and affect the selling price of


#### **Table 3.**

*Cassava trade in Indonesia (in average units), 2011–2016.*

cassava in Indonesia. In addition, as food, feed, and industrial raw materials, cassava does not yet have an agreement on the basic price. In regards to a strategic approach to developing competitive cassava exports, the efficiency of farming and the improvement of cassava added value should be carried out considering the higher level of global competition [28, 29].
