**3. Toxicology**

Aflatoxins are a set of compounds that are very similar with tiny molecular differences. Aflatoxin B1 is the most prevalent and powerful of these poisons (AFB1). In mammals, the toxin is processed by various distinct pathways [30] . The fraction of the dose routed into the several possible pathways defines aflatoxin sensitivity across human and animal species, with harmful "biological" exposure the result of epoxide activation and epoxide interaction with proteins and DNA. There's also evidence that dosage affects the fractions that follow different possible pathways, maybe due to the saturation of the most chemically competitive processes [31]. The youth are more susceptible to Aflatoxin, and there are considerable differences across species, individuals within the same species (based on their ability to detoxify aflatoxin via biochemical mechanisms), and the sexes (according to the concentrations of testosterone). The variation in aflatoxin toxicity depends on the difference in nutritional parameters because aflatoxin exposure slows recovery from protein deficiency [32]. Aflatoxism is the term for the toxicity induced by aflatoxins. Two forms of aflatoxicosis have been identified: acute severe intoxication, which causes immediate liver damage and eventually illness or death, and chronic sub-symptomatic exposure. The dose and duration of aflatoxin exposure have a major impact on toxicity and can result in a variety of outcomes, according to a review of the literature across all species: Large doses cause acute sickness and death, primarily owing to liver cirrhosis; chronic sublethal doses create nutritional and immunologic issues; and all doses raise cancer risk [3] (**Figure 1**).
