**4. Conclusion**

This chapter has provided an overview of the data science and decision science (DDS) and discussed recent advances and DSS applications with a focus on ML-AI technology and its technology enablers. The introductory chapter complements this book's technical content by addressing other DDS topics and applications that are not presented in the chapters presented in this book. It should be pointed out that these book chapters share a common thread of DDS with topics ranges from recent DDS advancements to optimization modeling in decision science and cognitive decisionmaking process. For each DDS topic, the chapters provide an excellent introduction and background of the DDS problems making these chapters reachable to various scientific and engineering disciplines. Furthermore, for each chapter, the author also takes an effort to (i) discuss technical details associated with the proposed DDS models, and (ii) provide examples to demonstrate the use of the models. This effort from the authors will make their chapters to reach a wide range of readers across many scientific and engineering fields.

We hope that the readers find in this introductory chapter along with book chapters provide intriguing concepts and ideas that would help them solve their DDS problems and a source of ideas for their own work.

<sup>3</sup> Industry Revolution 4.0 involves with digitization for automation using cyber physical systems on connected devices, and big data analytics. Industry Revolution 5.0 involves with mass customization and personalization for humans using cognitive computing and human intelligence.

*Introductory Chapter: Overview of Data and Decision Sciences – Recent Advances and Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112546*
