**3. Sustainability assessment methodologies**

Sustainability assessment methodologies are determined to measure sustainability performance. Sustainability development indicators (SDIs) are commonly used to measure firm performance as well as improve performance based on information on declining trends related to the three dimensions of economic, environment, and

social aspects, which may have impact on corporate sustainability. In addition, SDIs help in providing information to decision-makers to formulate strategies and communicate the achievements to all stakeholders. Spohn [25] identifies two distinctive main approaches depending on its framework and SDI selection process. There are (a) the "top-down" approach (framework and the set of the SDIs defined by experts and researchers) and (b) the "bottom-up" approach (framework designed and the SDI selected by various stakeholder participants.

Singh et al. [26] explain, compare, contrast various sustainability indexes as well as summarize the following frameworks of sustainability assessment tools.


Recent study by Huang [27] suggests that technology disruption and pandemics especially Covid-19 have caused an unprecedented shock to everyone. Its negative effects allow most of industries for huge transition to much more sustainable and resilient industries, which provide us research opportunities in sustainability science and engineering.
