**1. Introduction**

Many studies recently examine the relationship between sustainability and corporate innovation specially focusing on the idea of promoting innovation as well as ensuring its sustainable development. While innovation is considered as a core business process, it is fully receiving increasing attention for firms in all; on the other hand, sustainability is considered a way to do business without having damaging effects on the environment, economy, and society. Kiron et al. [1] have conducted the global executive survey on sustainability in 2012 and demonstrate that sustainability is a key driver of innovation. Michelino et al. [2] show an important link between innovation and sustainability in the pursuit of environmental, economic, and social development. To accurately measure and assess both sustainability and corporate innovation is not an easy work to do. Given the fact that businesses nowadays are facing serious challenges including pandemics and other major disruptions such as technology disruption, the process of doing both assessments becomes even more complex and difficult to do. An imperative research need is to develop science-driven

frameworks for conducting both systematic sustainability assessment (SA), and innovation measurements [3]. Huang [3] suggests that it is important to conduct a fundamental study on the sustainability dimensions of technology innovation and develop systematic methodologies and effective tools for technology inventors, especially in its early development stage, is critical. Complexities to measure sustainability come with implementing sustainable practices; for example, when management develops its own a sustainability plan, they must ensure that their business can adapt to evolving regulations on time as well as publicities are becoming aware of the firms' sustainability practices. To be certain to have sustainability in business and creating wealth for all stakeholders, all corporations need to have the long-term balance among the economic, environmental, and social dimensions and gain environmental protection, economic growth, and social stability.

Conventionally, many researchers regularly count on research and development (R&D) expenditures and patent investment as innovation indicators [4–6], which these measurements have some serious weaknesses as they do not fully capture the nature and scope of innovative output [7]. While R&D expenditures measure observable input, it fails to capture the quality of innovation output [8]. Even though, patent can only measure innovation output with respect to intellectual properties, but it cannot resolve one of the serious problems of being inability to consider other aspects of innovation output such as a new marketing method, a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization, or external relations. This is because such innovation aspects of output are not patentable [9, 10]. Due to the limitation of the existing corporate innovation indicators, new innovation indicators are designed to overcome the limitation and weakness of R&D expenditures and patent investment as innovation indicators. New innovation survey has created and already widespread used is Community Innovation Survey (CIS) survey and Smith [11] have summarized 2002 onward journal publication using CIS data. Nowadays, there is a new novel measure of corporate innovation not from the survey but adopted from the textual descriptions of firm activities by financial analysts. Bellstam, Bhagat and Cookson [6] developed this text-based corporate innovation indicators using a textual analysis of analyst reports of S&P500 companies, which allows us to see the big picture that the organization is trying to achieve through easily accessible analyst reports. It is of great important for investors and shareholders to understand what promotes innovation investment in their owned firms. Emphasizing that investment in innovation bares risk, but it can also improve business opportunity and lead to shareholders' sustainable benefit in the long run. Moreover, this textual-based measure of innovation incorporates many aspects of intellectual investment and captures the topic of R&D, patent, and non-patented practices, which is deemed beneficial to the firm.

Kiron et al. [1] explain innovation connects corporate sustainability with business profits. A previous literature reports a positive linkage between innovation and a range of various positive performance outcomes [12]. Innovation is also a key element in assisting firms to gain competitive advantage [13], expand market share [14], and improve performance [15]. Firms can be sustainable not only by profit maximization, but also address the maximization of the interests and value-added of various stakeholders by not causing any impact on nature and environmental resources. This chapter elaborates on the research gap and problem of the assessments for both technology and innovation assessments versus sustainability assessments, especially when we are experiencing major disruptions including trade war as well as pandemics starting in 2019.
