*3.2.2 Transient receptor potential channels vanillin subfamily 1 (TRPV1)*

TRPV1 channel, which is a cation channel with high selectivity for Ca2+, is activated by excessive extracellular H<sup>+</sup> in the absence of other stimuli [60]. Miao et al. [61] demonstrated that the high expression of TRPV1 in liver cancer patients with disease-free survival rate was significantly better than low TRPV1 expression from the variable analysis. In in vivo and in vitro experiments with dimethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced gene models, combined with bioinformatics analysis of mouse and human liver cancer samples, were used to further study the molecular mechanism and related role of TRPV1 in liver cancer. The results showed that the liver microenvironment can be altered and the development of liver cancer be promoted from knockout of TRPV1 [62]. Some published papers have proved showed that TRPV1 can be activated by cannabinoid and capsaicin that may lead to apoptosis of liver cancer cells, which indicates that TRPV1 perhaps can be used as a therapeutic site and prognostic molecule for liver cancer [63].
