**7. Conclusions and future perspectives**

Immunotherapy evolved into a desirable treatment option for CRC because of the success seen in various solid tumors and the reliable side effects. However, the role of immunotherapy is still restricted to a very small subset of patients with an MSI-H/ dMMR phenotype. At the moment, many clinical trials are exploring combinatorial strategies of conventional therapy and ICIs to overcome primary resistance to ICIs in CRC. To extend the clinical benefit of cancer immunotherapies, novel delivery platforms are currently under investigation, including nanoparticles, implants, biomaterials, and scaffolds. Using these delivery systems may help reduce toxicities and ensure localized and controlled drug delivery [106]. Moreover, metagenomic studies underline the critical role of microbiota in CRC pathogenesis and response to treatment, including ICIs. Nonetheless, the implementation of radiomic analyses could further identify the antitumor activity of targeted therapies or immunotherapy [107].

Future technological progress is expected to provide a more profound knowledge of the immune system and the tumor and microenvironment gene expression to ensure a continuum of care based on precision medicine.

### **Acknowledgements**

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### **List of abbreviations**


*Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer in the Era of Precision Medicine DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105377*

