**4. Finding**

**Table 1** shows a summary of information from 28 evaluated articles on the prevalence of various psychological disorders in the face of the Corona Covid-19 pandemic. The items listed in **Table 1** include the author and year of study, purpose, location, tools used, number of samples, population, study method, and related results. Based on **Table 1**, the types of psychological disorders following coronavirus can be categorized in different studies. All studies on the Covid-19 crisis in six countries, China, Iran, Iraq, India, Mexico, and the United Kingdom, were performed using standard tools using quantitative and qualitative methods. Of course, only a qualitative study was conducted in Iran [36]. Studies have been done only








#### **Table 1.** *Summary of studies.*

in the community [4, 18, 22, 25–27, 31, 33, 35–37, 39, 40]. A study has been done on the patients 'families [20]. A study has been done exclusively in the patients' community [15]. Studies have also been done on isolated people in the community [6, 17]. Also, studies have been done on the medical staff [19, 21, 23, 24, 28, 30, 32, 34, 38]. Studies have been conducted jointly between patients, the community, staff, and students [21, 22]. A study also shows a psychological comparison between the general public and nurses [30]. Schizophrenia, mental distress, insomnia and sleep disturbances, and Internet addiction were among the various studies. Anxiety levels of community members, patients, and treatment staff were reported to be moderate to severe in different studies of [6–65.6%] percent [4, 6, 15–18, 21–23, 28, 29, 40]. Symptoms of depression were moderate to severe [8.4–50.4%] in isolated individuals, patients, medical staff, families of medical staff, and the affluent class of society [4, 15–17, 19, 20, 29].

Generalized anxiety disorder also occurs in medical and non-medical staff and the families of medical staff [34%] were reported [19, 20]. Stress levels in isolated individuals, affluent class, and the general public were expressed from [8.1% to 73.4%] [6, 25]. A study was shown on adults in the community aged 39–50 years [27]. Psychological disturbance and distress were reported in quarantined and isolated individuals, the general adult population, and the medical staff on average to severe [39.1–71.5%] [16–18, 24, 33]. Internet addiction was also reported [62.7%] [39]. Sleep disorders were shown as low quality of sleep and insomnia in the

community, medical and non-medical staff about [18.1–36.1%] [6, 19, 21, 25–28, 39]. Vicarious traumatization was also, reported in a study in community, frontline, and non-front line nurses [30], so in community and non-frontier nurses who suffered from psychological damage in the form of symptoms of loss of appetite, fatigue, irritability, fear, inattention, numbness, despair, and insomnia were expressed. Behavioral disorders such as violence and aggression were reported in the affluent class of society [29, 32]. Psychosocial consequences following having Covid-19 disease in an individual or family member were reported in a study in Iran [36]. In some community studies, women were more vulnerable to psychological and sleep disorders [17, 23, 28, 31, 34, 35, 37]. Unemployed people [25%] also suffered from anxiety and psychological distress [18]. The level of psychological distress in Iranians with an average of [34.54] and a standard deviation was [14.92] which was higher than the average level of stress in Chinese with a value of 23.65 with a standard deviation of [5.45] [33]. Also, in front-line staff studies, about [41.5] were more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, insomnia, and mental distress [16, 23, 28]. In some studies, younger people were more prone to generalized anxiety disorder and psychological distress [17, 19, 31, 39]. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of various psychological disorders in the face of the coronavirus Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the results, the prevalence of various mental disorders was studied in 28 studies. In these studies, different groups including patients, patients' families, healthy people in the community, and medical staff were examined. Most of the 28 studies on the prevalence of mental disorders and related factors were related to the general public [13 studies] and medical staff [9 studies].

The most common mental disorders in the studied studies were depression and anxiety disorders so the level of anxiety in the community, patients, and medical staff were reported in different studies from moderate to severe [6–65.6%] [4, 6, 15–17, 21–23, 28, 29, 40]. Generalized anxiety disorder was also reported in medical and non-medical staff and the families of medical staff [about 34%] [19, 20]. The use of measures such as accurate updating of health information, especially about the number of people who have improved, has been associated with low- stress levels in the Covid-19 epidemic in Chinese society. Additional information about medications or vaccines, transmission routes, and updates on the number of infected cases and locations [e.g., real-time, online tracking map] were also associated with lower levels of anxiety [20], which can be of interest to the health authorities of other communities in the Covid-19 epidemic. In this study, the prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety was in the community, patients, and medical staff and the anxiety of medical staff was higher than normal in the community. Psychological problems such as anxiety, fear, and stress are more common in patients with Covid-19 or people who suspect it and the families of these patients or those with whom they are in contact. Epidemiologists, doctors, and all health professionals can also be affected by these disorders [22]. Also, the results of the above studies showed that nurses are more vulnerable to serious psychological damage in their work environment than physicians and other treatment staff [28]. Consistent with the findings of the present study, the results of a study during the SARS epidemic in Taiwan showed that nurses suffered from severe psychological problems such as anxiety and depression and militancy, and mental distress [3, 41]. Also during the MERS-CoV epidemic in Saudi Arabia, nurses became frightened and nervous after experiencing stressful patient care experiences [42]. However, in this study, compared to previous studies, the percentage of mental disorders is higher.

## **5. Discussion**

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of various psychological disorders in face of the coronavirus Covid-19 epidemic. Based on the results, the prevalence of various mental disorders was evaluated in 28 studies. In these studies, different groups including patients, patients' families, healthy people in the community, and medical staff were examined. Most of the 28 studies on the prevalence of mental disorders and related factors were related to the general public (13 studies) and medical staff (9 studies). The most common mental disorders in the studied studies were Depression and Anxiety Disorder, so the level of anxiety in the community, patients, and staff were reported in various studies from moderate to severe (6–65.6%) [6, 21–23, 28, 29, 40, 15–19]. Disseminated anxiety disorder was also reported in medical and non-medical staff and about 34% of the staff of medical staff [19, 20]. Particularly in terms of the number of people who recovered, the low level of stress in the Covid-19 epidemic was associated with 19 Chinese communities. Additional information about drugs or vaccines, routes of transmission, and updates on the number of infected cases and location (e.g., real-time, map Online tracking) was also associated with lower levels of anxiety [20], which could be of concern to health officials in other communities in the Covid-19 epidemic.

In this study, the prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety was in the community, patients, and medical staff and the anxiety of medical staff were higher than normal in the community. Psychological problems such as anxiety, fear, and stress are often present in patients with Covid-19 or people who suspect it and the families of these patients or those with whom they are in contact. Also, epidemiologists, physicians, and all health professionals can be affected [22]. The results of the above studies also showed that nurses are more psychologically exposed to serious psychological damage in their work environment than physicians and other medical staff [28]. Results of the present study The results of a study during the SARS epidemic in Taiwan showed that nurses suffered from severe psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, militancy, and mental distress [3, 41]. Patients were taken care of, but in this study, compared to previous studies, the percentage of mental disorders is higher.

Another finding of the study was the higher prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress in quarantined people, patients, treatment staff, and families of treatment staff as well as the affluent segment of society (8.1–73.4%) [4, 6, 17]. Similar to this finding, other studies have found long-term quarantine to cause psychological problems, including anxiety and depressive disorder [11]. People who are quarantined at home avoid stress and feel lonely due to lack of space for physical activity, stress due to limited social interactions, and anxiety due to fear of transmitting the infection to family members, so their mental health needs more attention [43]. Other studies have also found that social support and social activity in the community are effective in reducing the level of depression and anxiety and better mental health [6, 44]. Posttraumatic stress disorder was also reported at approximately (4.6–7%) among adults living in cities affected by the Covid-19 epidemic crisis. Other studies have noted this point that many quarantined people have experienced psychological distress, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and the longer they are quarantined, the more likely they are to experience PTSD symptoms [6]. In most of the studies, a high percentage of the general public (97%) were concerned about the prevalence of Covid-19 and 98% had a slight disturbance in their daily work and life, as well as an anxiety score. On the contrary, the results of this study were conducted during a study of the H1N1 flu outbreak. The results showed that about 10–30% of

the general public were concerned about being infected with the virus and the disease [12]. Decreased contact with family and community and experience of the social stigma of having Covid-19 disease in the individual or family members were also reported in a qualitative study in Iran [36].

In a study of the Ebola outbreak, a wide range of psychosocial effects was reported on individuals during an outbreak of infection, including fear of illness or death, feelings of weakness, disability, and social stigma [11]. In most of the studies, women were more vulnerable to psychological disorders and sleep disorders [18, 23, 28, 31, 34, 35, 37]. Although the prevalence of the disease in Iran was higher in men in than women [45], the results of the present study with most studies in Iran and The world, including the study of Ahmadvand, Khosravi, and Meyer, is consistent [46–48]. Evidence suggests that the higher prevalence of mental disorders in women than men may be more related to women 's limitations in social participation, biological factors, and environmental stress [49]. A history of positive contact with people with symptoms and people with higher education were more aware of the risk of SARS and had moderate anxiety levels and took more precautions [14]. They performed against the infection, which is somewhat different from the results of this epidemic. In some studies, young people were more prone to generalized anxiety disorder and mental distress [18, 19, 31, 39]. That people experience more, also during the outbreak of SARS, significant psychological effects have been reported, especially in young people compared to older people [13, 50], which is similar to the results of our study. The findings of the study emphasize the need to pay attention to the health of people who have not been affected by the virus, especially those who quit when the disease broke out or people who are active in sports, who have been forced to stop physical activity due to the outbreak of the disease. Also, people who are healthy themselves but have been in contact with infected people through family or work relationships because they had lower health, more anxiety, and less life satisfaction [18], as well as support for patients, family members, and providers. Health services during the epidemic were among the items mentioned in the studies. Things like paying more attention to vulnerable groups such as youth, the elderly, women, and migrant workers, accessing and strengthening medical resources, and the public health service system, especially after the initial midwifery examination and management of the Covid-19 epidemic. Nationwide strategy and coordination for psychological first aid during major disasters, which potentially.

Presented through medicine Telemedicine is one of the interventions that should be established, and finally, a comprehensive program to reduce stress should be designed through prevention and intervention including epidemiological monitoring, screening, referral, and targeted intervention to prevent further mental health problems [23]. Research timing can explain the difference in results. For the reasons mentioned above, what seems to increase the prevalence of mental disorders in the treatment of coronary heart disease is the application of traffic regulations, followed by the closure of recreational and sports facilities, unemployment, and the resulting economic pressures. He noted the low income of some citizens. According to the results of studies and the impact of COVID-19 disease in different segments of society, including patients, the general public, medical staff, and their families, it is necessary to do timely and effective psychological interventions. In addition to medical care for patients, especially pneumonia patients who need serious quarantine, the detection of psychological problems in the disease process online, is emphasized [21]. During the Corona epidemic in some countries, including China, psychological counseling services, including the telephone and, the Internet for counseling

or intervention programs, became widespread, and the China Provincial Council announced that it was launching online institutions in response to the outbreak [49].

One of the limitations of the present study is that all research has been done in a short period of time, and due to the fact that new studies on the psychological consequences of this disease are updated every day, we were able to publish the studies until the end. May 2019 and evaluate in this study. However, due to a large number of participants and the study population, which has been done among all classes, including patients, medical and non-medical staff, patients' families, quarantined people, and adults in general, this limitation is largely overshadowed.
