*3.1.2 Provider factors*

If the first wave of the opioid crisis taught us anything, it is that most health care providers receive inadequate training in the appropriate prescribing of controlled substances, particularly in scenarios involving acute or chronic pain, anxiety and depression, insomnia, and substance use disorders [23]. The American Medical Association (AMA) has classified these practitioner-based inadequacies as to the "4 D's" (to which 2 additional have subsequently been added):

