**7. The ecology, control, and prevention of CTVT**

Stray dogs and poor policy control are the predisposed causes of CTVT transmission [19]. Thus, the control of CTVT transmission is difficult because free-roaming dogs and their intact status represent a reservoir [9, 13]. Prevention is related to government policy, maintenance of spay and neuter campaigns, and animal feeding practices in each country [9]. CTVT cases are found more often in rural areas than in urban areas because of a lack of adequate veterinary services [13]. Currently, CTVT is estimated to be found at a prevalence of 1–10% or more in dogs in many countries on all inhabited continents. CTVT is endemic in at least 90 countries worldwide. The highest prevalence of CTVT was recorded in Belize, where the prevalence was 10–20%. However, prevalence is decreasing in North America and central and northern Europe [9]. New owners and breeders should conduct a careful physical examination before adoption or breeding, especially in imported dogs. Dog licensing laws, spay and neuter encouragement campaigns, and controlling stray or free-ranging dogs should be emphasized to reduce physical contact between infected and uninfected dogs. Also, long-term monitoring of 6–12 months after cessation of treatment should be performed and this practice should be encouraged among veterinarians in endemic areas.
