**5.2 Development of the transformation procedure of rice stubble as wood substitute material**

This demonstrated that the creating of the transformation procedure for rice stubble resulted in suitable and environmentally friendly wood substitute material [16]. Additionally, this was based on the transformation to be a result of the wood substitute material with specific properties; such as. fineness and beauty, smoothness, strength and colors in the materials, and other related aspects [17]. Then, the researcher made the comparison of the boiling procedure to peel off the tissue by using the water immersing procedure for peeling tissue as two parts (**Figure 3** and **Table 5**).

**Table 5** shows the development of the transformation procedure for the rice stubble. The properties for the fiber were obtained by two methods. This were considered as suitable methods with the potential of the communities to bring the remaining rice stubble from the rice fields in the communities to apply to the transformation procedure. Later, it was transformed to be fiber with good properties; such as, fineness and suitability to be formed as wood substitute material for creating furniture products. After that, the fiber from the rice stubble utilized the pressing sheet procedure through the peeling of the tissue and bleaching methods.

This used the ratio of 7% of seven kilograms of rice stubble before mixing with isocyanate adhesive and spraying glue in a rotary grinder for 12 minutes. Later, the rice stubble tissue was mixed with the isocyanate adhesive again by being formed as wood substitute material as a wood block with the dimensions of 45 cm x 120 cm and a thickness of 15 ml. Then, it used heat pressing at 150°C under the pressing pressure of 35 kilograms/cm.<sup>2</sup> (**Figure 4**).

The test results of the wood substitute material from the newly developed remaining rice stubble had the standard of JIS A 5908–1994. Then, it was found that there was a specific gravity value of 0.75, and the properties of the density quantity was 8.85% that passed the standard, including the properties of the modulus of rupture (MOR) that had a level of 5.67 MPa, the properties of the modulus of elasticity (MOE) that had a level of 319.95 MPa, which was lower than the standard, the compression stress in the levels of 11.59 MPa and 5.97 MPa, and hardness in the level of 3,949.49 N by testing the decomposition of the wood substitute material from the rice stubble [18]. Therefore, this resulted from the decomposing phenomenon as the pattern of the brash tension and simple tension as the weakness of the wood substitute material made from the newly developed rice stubble at this time (**Figure 5**).

#### **Figure 3.** *Transformation procedure of rice stubble fiber in the dry season.*


Preparation procedure of the rice stubble fiber formed by using wood substitute material and isocyanate adhesive.

#### **Table 5.**

*Development of the transformation procedure of rice stubble.*

#### **Figure 4.**

*Wood substitute materials from heat pressing with rice stubble fiber.*

#### **Figure 5.**

*Decomposing trace of newly developed wood substitute material from rice stubble.*

From the using of wood substitute materials from rice stubble, this presented the resistance from pressing with the least level than the standard. Likewise, this was caused by the external peeling for the rice stubble surface fiber for its shortness and smallness appearance. Moreover, this resulted in the high level of flexibility for the wood substitute material through the heat pressing of the isocyanate adhesive,

*The Creation of Furniture Products from Rice Stubble DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98739*

except for the less effectiveness from over pressing. Thus, this made the rice stubble fiber have softness and stickiness in a least level than normal with the effect on the wood substitute material to have a less bonding force and adhesion for the wood substitute material as the standard.

However, if the community group that wanted to apply rice stubble fiber in real life by producing products to sell for increasing the community's strength and force more than the past, they could so by using the following methods:


This was based on the creative ideas in the designing step of creating the newly developed rice stubble products into two patterns. Then, it could respond to the furniture product requirements for the customer groups. Therefore, this depended on the presentation of the brainstorming procedure through the drafting of the furniture model products by using the wood substitute material from the rice stubble fiber (**Figure 6**).

**Table 6** presented the test of the differences for the mean satisfaction to the furniture product patterns from the remaining rice stubble. The first pattern had the mean satisfaction at a moderate level of 3.38, and the furniture product patterns from the remaining rice stubble in the second pattern had the mean satisfaction at an excellent level of 4.18. The result of the t-test showed that the mean between the furniture product patterns of the



#### **Table 6.**

*Selection result from the furniture product patterns of newly developed rice stubble.*

remaining rice stubble in the second pattern was at a higher level than the first pattern with a statistical significance level of .01.

Adopting the furniture product patterns in the second pattern could produce the rice stubble furniture products to be applied in real life. Thus, the researcher produced the models of the community groups in Khandong Subdistrict of Buri Ram province, where the community groups transformed the rice stubble to be wood substitute material for the handicraft industry. Finally, this enabled the researcher to make the summary of the economic values occurring from the rice stubble transformation (**Table 7**).

**Table 7** displays the value of the wood substitution material production from rice stubble per sheet with boiled and peeled tissue to gain the fiber. Then, it was brought to the pressing procedure from immersing the tissue to peel off the rice stubble fiber that amounted to 3 Baht per sheet. This was considered as gaining a lower level of production costs from the selling standard of the wood substitute material in the market. Then, the wood substitute material made from the rice stubble seemed to gain suitable properties for the handicraft industry in the communities, so that the agriculturists could bring the rice stubble to be purchased by businesses with a positive trend to increase more income for their communities.

Therefore, this could produce model furniture products from rice stubble by using the wood substitute materials with the dimension of 150 mm. As a result, it applied the abstract guideline and concrete guideline in real life prior


#### **Table 7.**

*Comparison of the costs of the production with the sheet dimension of 120 X 60 cm. From wood substitute material of boiled rice stubble with peeling tissue and immersing the tissues to be peeled.*

**Figure 7.** *Model furniture products from rice stubble fiber.*

to bringing the model to be assessed for the effectiveness and satisfaction scores (**Figure 7**).

4.Predicting the solution steps of the satisfaction values for rice stubble furniture customer groups

For the step of the influencing assessment factor of the rice stubble furniture production customer groups, the model furniture was brought to test with the targeted customer groups. For this study, it was brought to be tested in the furniture and home decoration booths in the Furniture and Electronic Fair 2018 in Khon Kaen province, Thailand. This also included making an assessment of the customers' feelings after testing the furniture product from the new rice stubble (**Table 8**).

As can be seen from **Table 8**, the assessment result of the four input factors demonstrated that the test group had the satisfaction from the most to the least levels; namely, factor X4 or the interestingness and the novelty had the most level of satisfaction (mean = 4.600; S.D. = 0.603), followed by factor X2 or worthiness to be transformed that had an excellent level of satisfaction (mean = 4.400; S. D. = 0.711), factor X1 or beauty also had an excellent level of satisfaction (mean = 3.970; S.D. = 0.784), and factor X3 or the convenience to apply had an excellent level of satisfaction (mean = 3.540; S.D. = 0.744). Therefore, when the researcher had classified the satisfaction assessment values with the rice stubble furniture product models, it presented the most level of satisfaction (mean = 4.530; S.D. = 0.627), including the result of the satisfaction assessment with the interestingness and novelty interests from the new procedure to the new model in similar levels. Moreover, the presentation of the Sig. value from the test of F = 0.00 demonstrated at least one pair of correlation gaining the differences of the level of significance with .05 by applying the multiple comparisons and LSD (**Table 9**).

From the conclusion of **Table 9**, it could be seen that the factors involved with the variables and satisfaction toward the furniture model from rice stubble for the customer groups consisted of worthiness to transformation (X2) and interestingness and novelty (X4). These two variables were considered as the correlation with the satisfaction to the customer groups while using the new rice stubble furniture model. There were also two noninfluencing factors; namely, beauty (X1) and convenience to apply (X3) that had a statistical significance of .05.

**Table 10** displayed the factor result with the co-efficient of the decision (R2 ) by gaining the value of 0.4442, or the factor test with the rice stubble furniture designed at this time. Then, it could explain about the satisfaction change in the level of 44.42% by bringing the influencing factors to the satisfaction of the new


#### **Table 8.**

*The mean, standard deviation (S.D,), and influencing factors toward the satisfaction of furniture of newly developed rice stubble from the customer groups.*


*\*Sig value: The test presented the significant level of .05; any pair that has less value than .05 showed the differences of significance to be .05.*

#### **Table 9.**

*Test summary of Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) between two-way ANOVA.*


#### **Table 10.**

*Co-efficient of the decision (R2 ) for the influencing factors to the satisfaction of the newly designed rice stubble furniture model.*

design for determining the regression solution that was ý = 1.473 + (0.271 X1) + (0.312 X2) + (�0.040 X3) + (0.163 X4).

**Table 11** was based on the predictors consisting of X1. beauty, X2. worthiness of transformation, X3. convenience to apply, and X4. interestingness and novelty with the dependent variable; such as, satisfaction to the newly designed rice stubble furniture model. According to the analysis result of the F-test = 18.978 > F-table = 2.490, it was found that the independent variable (X) had at least one variable that correlated with the dependent variable (Y). After that, the researcher analyzed the dependent variable before making a regression coefficient by using the statistical value of the t-test for testing (**Table 12**).


**Table 11.**

*Analysis of the correlation between the designing factors with satisfaction.*


#### **Table 12.**

*The multiple linear regression for predicting the satisfaction of new rice stubble furniture to the co-design factors.*

The multiple linear regression for predicting the variables with the customer groups'satisfaction to the new rice stubble furniture is presented in **Table 12**. This also involved the beauty (X1) to have a regression coefficient equal to 0.271 that regarded the importance of the beauty of rice stubble furniture by increasing by one unit.

Then, the customers'satisfaction to the newly designed rice stubble furniture had more chances to increase to 0.271 unit. Thus, according to the t-test where [X1] = 3.392 > t-table = 1.985, it was found that the beauty factor was correlated to the satisfaction factor of rice stubble furniture model.

The worthiness of transformation (X2) had multiple linear regression equal to 0.312. Then, whether there was importance on the transformation with the increasing of one unit, this would still indicate the customers'satisfaction to the new designed rice stubble furniture with more chance of 0.312 units. Additionally, according to the t-test where [X2] = 3.607 > t-table = 1.985, it was found that the worthiness of transformation was correlated with the satisfaction factors to the rice stubble furniture models.

The convenience to apply (X3) had multiple linear regression equal to �0.040. Then, whether there was the importance on the transformation by increasing one unit, this would present customer satisfaction to the newly designed rice stubble furniture with more chance of 0.312 units. Furthermore, according to the t-test where [X3] = �0.505 > t-table = 1.985, it was found that the convenience to apply was not correlated to the satisfaction factors to the rice stubble furniture models.

The interestingness and the novelty to apply (X4) had multiple linear regression equal to 0.163. Then, whether there was the importance on interestingness by increasing one unit would present the customer satisfaction to the newly designed rice stubble furniture with a greater chance of 0.163 units. Moreover, according to the t-test where [X4] = 1.768 ≤ t-table = 1.985, it was found that the interestingness and the novelty was not correlated to the satisfaction factors to the rice stubble furniture models. Therefore, this could make the following summary of the predicting solution of the rice stubble furniture design:

	- ý = 1.473 + [0.271 (beauty)] + [0.312 (worthiness of transformation)] + [�0.040 (convenience to apply)] + [0.163 (interestingness and novelty)]

$$\circlearrowleft = 1.473 + (0.271 \,\mathrm{X1}) + (0.312 \,\mathrm{X2}) + (-0.040 \,\mathrm{X3}) + (0.163 \,\mathrm{X4})$$

B. This could create the predicted solution as the standard scores from the coefficient of the decision to show the solution as follows:

$$\mathbf{Z} = (0.340 \text{ X1}) \text{ + (0.353 \text{ X2}) + (-0.048 \text{ X3}) + (0.157 \text{ X4})}$$

Z = [0.340 (beauty)] + [0.353 (worthiness of transformation)] + [�0.048 (convenience to apply)] + [0.157 (interestingness and novelty)]

After that, the results of the assessment were used by classifying the details for the creative design. Then, this could be explained with the phenomenon of customer satisfaction to the transformation procedure of the rice stubble into product creation with patterns. In addition, it was based on applying the integration procedure by using the creative idea with multiplying the product patterns. Thus, a comparison between the rice stubble products for furniture and lamps could be made (**Figure 8** and **Tables 8** and **13**).

#### **Figure 8.**

*Vase products from rice stubble with polystyrene.*


#### **Table 13.**

*Analysis of the mean and standard deviation (S.D.) from customer satisfaction to remaining rice stubble materials in Thailand, (n = 100).*

As shown in **Table 13**, the overall satisfaction for the vase from rice stubble had the most level of satisfaction (mean = 4.37; S.D. = 0.66). As such, it had a higher level than the furniture from rice stubble with an excellent level of satisfaction (mean = 4.29; S.D. = 0.70) with no significance of the level of .01. This could be classified as follows:



#### **Table 14.**

*The issue of extending the current concepts into further research.*

