**Abstract**

Rice is the staple food crop in Sri Lanka, which occupies 34% (0.77/million ha) of the total cultivated area. Sri Lanka currently produces 2.7 million tonnes of rough rice annually and satisfies around 95% of the domestic requirement. In Sri Lanka, genus *Oryza* consists of two species complexes, *O. sativa* (AA) and *O. officinalis* (CC). These two complexes are both pan tropical and have very similar overall distribution. Five wild rice species are reported in Sri Lanka, (*O. nivara* [AA], *O. rufipogan* (AA) *O. eichengeri* [CC], *O. rhizomatis* (CC) and *O. granulate* (GG). *O. rhizomatis* has been reported only in Sri Lanka and considered endemic to Sri Lanka*.* Recent studies demonstrated, the reliance on single source of information could mislead results in the phylogenetic inferences due to analytical inconsistency and biological processes. Therefore, exact number of wild rice species in Sri Lanka becomes uncertain and the necessity arises to assess *Oryza* species complexes in Sri Lanka using morphological, anatomical, and molecular information to enumerate number of species within each *Oryza* complex and characterization of species and species complexes. The study revealed, characterization of wild rice species, to a certain extent, can be made through morphological and anatomical characters, specially lamina anatomical characters. Molecular information is more reliable in delimitation of wild rice species complexes in Sri Lanka. *O. rhizomatis* and *O. eichingeri* (CC) are well separated from the rest of wild rice species (AA). Molecular data revealed, *O. nivara* and *O. rufipogon* have undergone independent evolution within Sri Lanka. Well separated five wild rice species are existing in Sri Lanka. Studies on ecological resilience of morphological, anatomical, and molecular studies are very useful for species enumeration of wild rice complexes in Sri Lanka. The findings led to conclude that wild rice species in Sri Lanka are "ecological swarms" and represents allopatric or sympatric populations. A comprehensive knowledge on genetic diversity and population structure of wild rice germplasm in Sri Lanka provides useful information to include these locally adapted and evolved wild rice species in rice crop improvement/breeding.

**Keywords:** Wild rice, *Oryza* species complexes, Sri Lanka
