**8. Conclusion**

This chapter clearly describes the need for materials in nanotechnology and its sectors, especially semiconductors, and also brings the attention of experts and researchers in the field. Industry is collaborating more with research and academia to identify what is the cost of bringing the materials from lab to fab and identifying new fields to help technology facilitate the extraction, storage, and utility of the materials.

In the last years, we have faced coronavirus pandemic and COVID-19 quarantine rules and political tensions, so it is important that each country develops its internal strategy and has less dependence on other countries. This can be done by increasing the attention in the entire raw material chain from exploration, mining and mineral processing to substitution, recycling, and circular economy. Novel technologies such as LiDAR, robotics, autonomous haulage systems, remote operating, and monitoring centers can help the raw material industry to enable semiconductor market which is projected to increase mainly by increasing smartphone, tablets, VR, IOT, robotics, photovoltaic, and automotive industry.

Photocatalysis, especially more advanced artificial systems used to directly convert solar energy into storable energy, might be of interest to solve environmental pollution and energy shortage, which remains of particular interest for developed and developing countries.
