**Abstract**

Metal-air batteries with the aid of high theoretical energy density and affability are trusted as propitious energy storage systems in today's energy research. However, enforcement of the technology is still hindered by the sluggish kinetics of their electrode reactions, that is, oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction reaction (OER/ORR). Developing a catalyst with inherently greater bifunctional activity and durability is the finest solution to confront the aforementioned challenges. Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are the most appropriate choice of materials for that purpose since they are highly active, inexpensive, abundant and non-hazardous. Among the various transition metal oxides, MnO2 and Co3O4 are gaining much attention due to their superior bifunctional performance and alkaline stability owing to their structural features and physicochemical properties. With the inspiration from promoted catalytic activity of MnO2 and Co3O4, this chapter is fully devoted to these two catalysts. The activity structural relationship, recent developments and future directions of these materials for bifunctional catalysis have been discussed in more detail. Besides, the significant parameters judging the bifunctional activity, that is, phase, crystal facets, morphology, defects, strains and mixed metals oxide formations, have been illustrated with suitable evidence. In addition, the fundamentals of water oxidation and reduction reactions are explained with the mechanisms. Moreover, the physiochemical properties of MnO2 and Co3O4 materials and their influence on the catalytic activity are related for a better understanding of bifunctional catalysis. This collective perception will be highly useful for the comprehension and designing of advanced metal oxide catalysts to further improve bifunctional catalysis.

**Keywords:** ORR, OER, water splitting, MnO2, Co3O4, bifunctional catalyst
