**1.1 Challenges**

Although MI-BCI has been given great attention compared to other BCI applications [17], the gradual reduction in research interest hints at the bottleneck that academia is encountering in MI development. One of the main reasons, claimed by Hwang et al. [17], is that other BCI paradigms could have a shorter training duration and higher information transfer rates (ITR) than MI-BCI. The performance issue mentioned above is not an exceptional case. Several errors are repeatedly diagnosed when applying non-invasive MI-BCI for further research with humans. For instance, one BCI group [18] identifies that distraction around the environment might cause insufficient attention failing to output accurate results and promoting frustration. Therefore, the MI-BCI control system in users learning outcomes seems less competitive than its counterparts.

The most commonly used MI-BCI training modes [19] might not help overcome those challenges above since participants would hardly engage with the graphical interface design [20]. Thus, a new solution for improving the learning outcome of MI-BCI users is demanded.

*Improving the Brain-Computer Interface Learning Process with Gamification in Motor Imagery:… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105715*
