**1.2 Potential solution**

Gameplay-based learning, gamification, is a potential method to level up the non-invasive MI-BCI learning outcome. The advantages of gamification in training are the upgraded level of users' engagement and happiness, thanks to its real-world simulation and exciting game content [21]. These might prolong the users' time of willingness to engage in the therapeutic MI-BCI activity. Using gamification for training is also supported by a consensus [22] that playing a PC game has motivations and benefits for users to learn skills. These pieces of evidence increase the possibility of using gamification in MI-BCI.

In 2003, the Graz group designed one of the initial motors imagery-controlled BCI games. Users could imagine their left or right-hand movement to navigate the falling ball inside the screen to the same side basket to finish this gamified task [23]. The interaction between users and the game could teach the participants to adjust to performing MI correctly. Almost at the same time, a 3D first-person shooting game (3D ShT) is created to declare the feasibility of binary gaming MI-BCI control [24]. These findings support the technical feasibility of gaming solutions in MI-BCI.
