**3. The concept of ludification**

According to Walther and Larsen [18] ludification, although based on the same conceptual framework as gamification, differs in its areas of application. Thus, ludification is connected to both, gamification and transmedia intended for specific nongame purposes, such as contemporary media productions (e.g., interactive fiction) and consumption practices where the coexistence of game structures and mechanics together with modes of storytelling across media become more and more dominant. Consequently, gamified applications are nongame structures and objects using specific game components, while ludified applications are nongame story structures and story objects focusing not just on motivation, feedback, and reward but on ways of designing, developing, and storytelling in new modes and digital media.
