**2. The challenge creating by management simulations**

A key area of activity where there is a continuous need to create effective and meaningful engagement is higher education. Within higher education, the various disciplines have developed a heritage of ensuring engagement with students that works at an immediate level, when the student enters education and still has relevance within their future careers. The pedagogic engagement is aligned with professional outcomes [6] and tends to sit within kinesthetic modes of learning rather than the more commonly used straight reading/writing or auditory modes. Put more simply, it is the Bunsen burner effect enjoyed by chemistry. A student walking into a chemistry lab on their first day is excited by a subject that lets them burn things. While the Bunsen burner may not figure a part of every lesson, it is symbolic of the discipline and may continue to be used by a graduate if they continue to work in chemistry. Similar examples can be found in other areas of higher education. At one point, there was a tradition in some universities offering aeronautical engineering courses that graduating students would build a wind tunnel as almost a form of a rite of passage. New students benefitted, as they had wind tunnels to place their new models into. It may be apocryphal, but there are claims that this graduating practice fell out of favor because the cumulative result was too many wind tunnels in the department.

The Bunsen burner effect can also be seen beyond the sciences. Theater and drama students have studios and theaters to practice and perform. In some universities, because these facilities were developed as part of recent new builds, the quality and capability of the spaces exceed in quality anything else available in the local area. In the area of health education, the use of patient simulators has extended beyond CPR dummies and covers areas including midwifery and the correct placement of monitoring devices. The concept of clinical simulation is an important tenet of nursing education where the reduction of risk and the avoidance of errors in real situations is essential. One curious indication of how embedded the use of patient simulators has become is the thriving second-hand market on sites, such as eBay, for antique and unusual examples.

Creating the Bunsen burner effect for business education brings several challenges. Although sometimes presented as a single discipline there are multiple bodies of knowledge to understand. To matters worse, these bodies of knowledge also span from the most qualitative to the most quantitative. While economics is regarded as a major intellectual contributor to the wider realm of business there is no one aspect of the body of knowledge that necessarily dominates. The learner is often guided to choose their —own specific priorities and preferences all without a Bunsen burner effect in sight. The UK makes use of subject benchmark statements, in an effort to create light touch uniformity across all degree awarding institutions. For business and management, the 2019 statement summarizes a three-point purpose for degrees in this area, as given below:


While there is a constant revision to the statements it is unlikely newer versions will shift noticeably from this intentionally vague, career-orientated but nonetheless worthwhile statement of purpose.
