**5.1 Actors of land registration**

The BT equivalent of actors is the nodes of the blockchain. There is always a need to define the actors [65] within the network and consider their culture level, interests, views and ability to use the technology. An actor is not just a 'point object' but an association of heterogeneous elements themselves constituting a network, so each actor is also a simplified network, which means that any changes affect this actor and the networks it simplifies [18]. Technology artefacts can transform networks by influencing relationships between human actors as the active role of the land registry record in mediating social relationships between land registration staff.

The list of actors (**Figure 6**) includes the legal, technical, professional staff, managers and the general registrar as human actors; the courts, ministry of finance, ministry of engineering affairs, and the information system are the non-human actors. The system user interface such as a mobile application or the internet browser could be considered a non-human actor granted access with view-only privileges. Such an interface is needed to avail open data that connects sellers and buyers without the need for a third party.

### **5.2 Actor networks**

ANT is formed of several actants that join an alliance to achieve their different goals. Every actant tries to enrol new actants and attempt to convince them to support

**Figure 6.** *An ANT view of the actors (institutional stakeholders).*

their own goals. Those networks get stronger and more durable as long as more actants are being enrolled [19]. Each of the actants can be enrolled as a blockchain node with different types of access and authorisation privileges. This can be done using the consensus mechanism according to the private blockchain using one of the consensus algorithms that assists to share the exact same copy of the data on the network [31].

The general format of a research question from an ANT perspective – "What is the network, and what phenomena are emerging from it?" – offers broad and flexible scope for mapping the relevant terrain [53]. The Sudanese land registration could be considered a network in a larger network of politics and other organisations. Actor-networks are concerned with the information flow between actors without changes inside domains specified by the networks and can change dynamically [8]. For example, the availability of internet services throughout the country changes the relationship [66] between the urban and rural areas by enabling illiterate farmers to use land registration systems to track their land records [7]. The adoption of BT comes as a consequence of the actions of everyone in the chain of actors who has anything to do with it, and in the same way, each of these actors shapes the blockchain to their own ends [18].

The next section illustrates land registration through the four moments of translation: problematisation, interessement, enrolment and mobilisation [24].
