**3.4 Applications in smart grid systems**

The smart grid networks that deliver power among supply and consumption in an optimal manner. This is achieved by integrating data technology, telecommunications, and energy into existing electrical systems. Smart grid systems integrate sensors and software into existing networks and provide information to public utilities and private users, who can use this information to react quickly to changes. The smart grids not only improve the effectiveness and dependability of the electricity supply, but they also act as a catalyst for the integration of renewable energy sources into current networks, lowering carbon emissions.


#### **Table 4.**

*BC use cases, design challenges, and future directions in transportation sector.*

There are multiple options for network modernization through BC. The existing power grid cannot withstand cyber-attacks on distributed energy sources and network peripherals. The business model reduces costs through cutting out third parties [57, 58]. Many methods to increasing arbitrage chances to harvest and sell energy at separate level are studied and used. Information about energy use is distributed gathered through smart metering equipment. Utilizing self-enforcing smart agreements, the predicted energy adaptability at the customer level may be managed programmatically. We can learn how energy demand and manufacture can remain matched at a smart grid level and how to integrate the reward and penalty mechanism to balance energy demand by monitoring the flexibility among energy consumption and then the demand answer signal. Smart contracts built on blockchain technology give security and flexibility, an unchangeable record of transactions, and the ability to automate processes and conduct micro-transactions quickly and cheaply. The design and modeling of the local energy market is implemented in a private blockchain, providing real-time pricing data with manual agents. It simulates the best decision based on the predicted production capacity, thereby automatically executing wellfounded cost decisions. In similar work, the manufacture and consumption load curves are converted to distance keeping inserts in order to find the right speed. It embeds protection while using blockchain to make computations for bid negotiations

publicly transparent. On electric cars, this research was expanded upon and tested [59]. Data exchange is made possible, while sensitive user data is protected in a related work that proposes a blockchain-based privacy-preserving payments system for car to grid networks [60].

A strategy uses an instrument to integrate Bitcoin features into the market for renewable energy [61]. A robot that provides consumers with sales advice is also part of this project. An effective energy management system is created using modern technologies in the replicable smart area concept. Join a platform built with blockchain technology and the IoT [62]. A blockchain-based approach controls efficient aggregation and protects privacy for power grid interactions in smart communities [63]. By examining the user's energy consumption profile, a blockchain-based solution is here offered to prevent application usage patterns. Similar to this, the security and privacy issues with smart grid are reduced by using a sovereign blockchain that offers transparency and provenance [64]. Coworkers may negotiate energy costs discreetly


#### **Table 5.**

*BC use cases, design challenges, and future directions in smart grid.*

*Blockchain for Cyber-Physical Systems DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110394*

and safely using a proof of concept for a decentralized energy trading system that makes use of blockchain technology, multiple signatures, and anonymous encrypted message streams [65]. To enhance the system's overall performance, certain network members in this initiative restricted energy output and sales. The blockchain is used to manage transactions. **Table 5** presents the use cases, design challenges, and future directions in smart grid domain.
