**2.1 Debate of regulations**

In our opinion, we must consider a series of methodological and substantive questions regarding the regulation of technology in general and robotics and AI in

#### *Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain: Debate around Legal Challenges DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106998*

particular. In the first place, it is worth asking whether sufficient arguments can be identified to accommodate these new technologies and therefore justify a change in the existing legal framework, that is, are existing laws sufficient to meet the regulatory challenges of the technology, and if not, should some laws be adapted to include the new technology, generally by making the language of the law more technologyneutral or rather should they be sui generis laws? With the existing administrative regulations, the lack of interoperability is guaranteed [6].

As we know, interoperability is a very important issue. When we talk about this, we mean that the processes, technologies, and protocols required to ensure the integrity of the data and the identity of the citizen, when they are transferred from one system to another, must entail, by definition, a correct interconnection of the systems and data exchange. However, this is not always carried out, let's think about the right of access.

At the technical level, although standards abound, the lack of common basic standards for some technologies must be highlighted. At the legal level, the laws that prescribe a specific predominant technology are pointed out as factors that impede progress, the difficulty of those responsible in understanding their respective frameworks of mutual trust and even in the areas of liability and compensation [7]. An example of the problem of interoperability is, and sometimes continues to be, the situation that is present in Spain at a regional level and in the EU: State authorities throughout Europe offer electronic access, focusing, above all, on the needs and national media, which has generated a complex system with different solutions, which has given rise to new obstacles to cross-border exchanges, which hamper the functioning of the single market for companies and citizens.

Second, it is necessary to clarify the direct and indirect role that ethics can play in the regulation of technology [8]. The impact of AI is cross-border. The EU is realizing this, trying to regulate its sphere and establish limits. The debates point to 11 areas: ethics, security, privacy, transparency, and accountability, work, education and capacity development, inequality and inclusion, legislation, and regulation; governance and democracy, war, and superintelligence.

These debates are justified and should be taken into account. However, they are part of a larger problem, related to the insufficient conception of artificial intelligence that society has, which makes trust difficult, and to the current laws, which have not yet recognized the specific characteristics of artificial intelligence [3]. In this way, the need arises to analyze and deepen an ethical framework so that both citizens and companies can trust the technology with which they interact, have a predictable legal environment, and have the effective guarantee that they will protect themselves and their fundamental rights and freedoms.

Let us think that technologies based on artificial intelligence influence aspects such as health, safety, productivity, or leisure, and in the medium term, they will have a great impact on energy, transport, education, and domestic activities. Regarding education, it is essential to find new models and methodologies that integrate ethical concerns in relation to the impact of artificial intelligence on humanity, especially in everything related to security, freedom, privacy, integrity, and dignity; selfdetermination and nondiscrimination, and the protection of personal data [9].

The complexity of AI entails the need to create an ethical and efficient framework, for which the principle of transparency must be based on, which consists of the fact that it must always be possible to justify any decision that has been adopted with the help of artificial intelligence and that can have a significant impact on the life of one or more people. On the other hand, it should always be possible to reduce the calculations of the AI system to a form understandable to humans.
