**5. A trial of theory for consent gathering**

We used a Blockchain system to acquire participant permission for a clinical trial in a proof-of-concept experimental investigation ([18] (under review), [19]). Indeed, the US Food and Drug Administration reports that nearly 10% of the trials they monitor have issues with consent collection, including failure to obtain written informed consent, unapproved forms, an invalid consent document, failure to re-consent to a revised protocol, and a lack of institutional review board approval for protocol changes [20, 21].

To be more specific, in a fictitious experimental trial, we captured and stored each patient consent on the Blockchain and sought for consent renewal with each protocol amendment. We acquired a unique master document that contains all of the consent gathering data in a single data structure or software package called Chainscript [22], each tied to a version of amended protocol versions. In actuality, these data have been "hashed," or structured into a cryptographic version of the original permission and procedure document data. Because of the rigorous one-to-one correlation between hashed data and effective consent data, this master document represents a secure, strong evidence of existence of the whole consent-collection process. This proof of existence can also be verified on any dedicated public website.

### **5.1 Blockchain in genomics**

Genomic medication opens the universe of hereditary information to give exact conclusion, guess, and treatment of various genetic diseases. A person's hereditary data is assessed utilizing genomic strategies to evaluate ailment defenselessness and applicable treatment decisions for redid medication.

However, the increment of hereditary information raises various issues, including information access, security, and protection. This is where Blockchain enters the image.
