*3.6.1 Energy storage devices*

Supercapacitors (SCs) are devices used for energy storage, combining features found in traditional capacitors and rechargeable batteries. They possess various advantages, including high energy density, fast charge and discharge rates, reliable safety, long-lasting life cycles, low maintenance requirements, and stable performance [99]. In comparison to conventional capacitors, SCs can provide greater power delivery and energy storage capabilities. Nonetheless, their durability may be compromised by mechanical harm. As a result, SCs with self-healing properties have sparked significant interest in both mechanical and electrical research fields.

Typically, a SC device consists of an electrolyte placed between two electrodes. In the quest to develop a self-healing supercapacitor, it becomes essential to design electrodes or electrolytes that possess self-healing capabilities. One promising candidate for this purpose is the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) known for its versatile properties, combining robust ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. To make
