**5.2 Wind energy**

Wind turbines convert the mechanical energy of the wind right into electricity [20]. Wind speed is normally measured at a height of 10 m. The suspensions in the elevation will adjust the wind speed at just a few hundred meters. Hills or mountains have a major impact on wind direction. The technical device, such as the wind turbine, should draw as much input out of the wind as possible with the use of wind power. Wind turbines slow down the wind by transferring energy from wind to electricity. However, the pre-and post-wind turbine mass flow remains steady [21].

The maximum power in the wind extracted from the wind turbine is 59% and with connecting the principle of preserving mass and momentum through a theoretical disk that extracts energy from the air result is called Betz's law [18].

Wind turbines are often found in the coastal region of mountain passes, ridges, and offshore. Onshore wind farms typically consist of some thousands of midsize 1–8 MW generators to power portions of communities. Offshore wind farms typically consist of several to a lot of medium- to large-sized 3–15 megawatt (MW) turbines; for example, one of the 12 W generators specifically built for overseas use has an elevation of about 150 m above the sea level, which means that the rotor capacity is 220 m, which is the height of the Eiffel Tower and can provide electrical energy for approximately 16,000 homes.

Collecting and storing energy from wind turbines is possible using battery storage with electrical batteries, which is a very common type of storage for wind and solar energy. Other solutions could be compressed air storage and hydrogen fuel cells to store energy surplus [22].

To get a perfect score of 100% on the efficiency table, the wind turbine must capture the full kinetic energy of the wind. Using all of the kinetic energy, however, will result in zero velocity or no wind on the other side of the turbine. At the same time, we must keep in mind that these wind turbines are intended to operate at a specific speed that maximizes production. If the wind turbine is designed to produce the most energy at a speed of 20 mph, the highest amount of energy produced will be at that speed, while the amount will be less at lower speeds. For comparison, traditional power plants have a theoretical maximum output or load factor of roughly 50% on average. Although the same is true for wind power, the fact that it is an environmentally benign and renewable source of energy gives it the necessary push. The entire concept that promotes wind power as the best future power source is based on the idea of maximizing output while keeping expenses to a minimum. When the initial cost of infrastructure development and payback time are considered, it is safe to say that wind power is cost-effective in the long run.
