*2.4.2 Thermoelectric power generation*

Thermoelectric power generation is a significant freshwater consumer in the United States, with a large part of the water used lost to evaporation. These power plants, operating at 35–55% efficiency, contribute to thermal pollution, endangering local ecosystems. While wet cooling systems, which utilize cooling towers, are more efficient and cost-effective due to water's superior heat transfer capabilities, their extensive use is increasingly seen as unsustainable due to the strain on freshwater resources. As a response, there is a growing need to improve dry cooling technologies. Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems (LHTESS), incorporating phase change material (PCM)-based heat exchangers, offer a promising solution. LHTESS enhances the efficiency and reliability of dry cooling systems, particularly beneficial in arid areas prone to significant temperature swings and power generation challenges [55].
