*A Critical Review on the 3D Modeling and Mitigation Strategies in the Thermal Runaway… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114319*

independently or provide specialized modules for co-simulation with MATLAB/ Simulink, particularly for electronic vehicle (EV)-specific LIBs [33]. Battery Management Systems (BMSs) find widespread application across aerospace, EVs, and consumer electronics industries, equipped to handle intricate geometries and fluid dynamics aspects of heat transfer media like air or liquid cooling agents. Various computer-aided engineering (CAE) software packages such as Simcenter STAR-CCM+ and Fluent are employed to address computational fluid dynamics (CFD) challenges, particularly in BMS design, leveraging conjugate heat transfer (CHT). Multi-physics packages like Simcenter STAR-CCM+ enable complex geometry meshing and the application of diverse physics principles, including fluid dynamics/ mechanics and electromagnetism, to generate high-fidelity simulations. A nonexhaustive list of frequently used commercial products for LIB design and simulation includes SIMENS, ANSYS, DASSAULT systems, Gama Technologies, COMSOL, MATLAB, LS-DYNA, Altair, Thermoanalytics, Materials Design, and OpenFOAM.

This short review has the following four main objectives: (1) bring some of the most challenging issues and overlooked phenomena that are faced in TR propagation simulation into light. (2) Pinpoint the most promising experimental and modeling strategies. (3) Compare the efficacy and suitability of recent successful simulations. (4) Shed light on the prospects of advanced TMSs as it is applicable to LIB modules. The exceptional capabilities of National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) state-of-the-art FTRC are explained in detail. Contrary to common belief, it is hard to understand how and why a more considerable portion of the generated heat is carried by ejecta material. Some of the most important mitigation strategies in view of structural design are also covered in this work.
