**2.5 Solar energy systems and power plants**

The global population increase has escalated energy demands, largely fueled by economic and technological advancements. Traditional energy sources such as fossil fuels and nuclear energy, while crucial, are finite and contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, posing a threat to the environment [56, 57]. Hence, there is an imperative shift toward renewable and sustainable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, and bioenergy to minimize environmental impact. Solar
