*3.2.2 Recent developments in the use of nucleators*

Recent advancements in nucleator technology have significantly improved the effectiveness and adaptability of PCMs across various domains. The strategic incorporation of nanoparticles enhances nucleation, reducing supercooling and boosting the efficiency of thermal energy storage systems [77]. Custom-tailored nucleators now meet the specific needs of different PCMs, optimizing phase change performance. Microencapsulation techniques extend nucleation effects, enabling controlled thermal release in PCMs. This innovation integrates nucleators with renewable energy sources, enhancing energy management. Additionally, the use of nucleators in hightemperature PCMs expands their application in areas like solar power and electronics cooling. Advanced characterization methods offer insights into nucleator behavior, leading to the development of more efficient materials. The exploration of hybrid PCM-nucleator composites and eco-friendly nucleators highlights a commitment to sustainability and reduced environmental impact in thermal storage solutions [78].


#### **Table 1.**

*Supercooling range of the thickened PCMs with the respective nucleating agents [45].*
