*A Review on Phase Change Materials for Sustainability Applications by Leveraging Machine… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114380*

with aluminum, becomes an option for low-temperature TES systems. Glauber's salt (Sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O)) benefits from a copper infusion to boost thermal conductivity, critical for TES applications. In TES systems, the amalgamation of magnesium hydride (MgH2) with nickel proves instrumental in augmenting hydrogen absorption and release properties. Moreover, sodium acetate trihydrate (NaCH3COO·3H2O), combined with either copper or aluminum, finds utility in lowtemperature thermal energy storage systems, fostering efficient heat exchange. Fatty acids, such as stearic acid, exhibit improved thermal conductivity and stability for thermal energy storage when intertwined with various metals like aluminum, copper, or graphite. Furthermore, organic PCMs like paraffins and polyethylene glycols stand to benefit from the inclusion of metal particles or nanoparticles, such as aluminum and copper, thereby enhancing their thermal properties [83, 84].

#### **4.2 Importance of compatibility of PCMs in TES applications**

Compatibility is crucial in PCM-based thermal energy storage (TES) systems, safeguarding against degradation and ensuring system reliability, efficiency, and safety. Incompatible materials can cause chemical reactions with PCMs, leading to deterioration and affecting system lifespan and performance. Compatibility reduces corrosion risks, which is vital since some PCMs can corrode container materials, risking structural integrity and causing leaks. It also prevents contamination, ensuring accurate temperature control and optimal energy storage. Safety is enhanced by preventing leaks and structural failures, especially important in high-temperature applications. Efficient heat transfer, crucial for system efficiency, relies on compatible materials. In critical applications like renewable energy integration, reliability is key, and compatibility supports this. Moreover, choosing environmentally responsible materials aligns with sustainability goals, reducing the ecological footprint and promoting responsible resource management. Compatibility not only ensures long-term cost-effectiveness by avoiding system failures but also contributes to sustainability by minimizing waste [85].

#### **4.3 Recent findings on material interactions with PCM**

Recent research on phase change material (PCM) interactions with various materials has significantly improved PCM-based system performance. Studies on compatibility between PCMs, container materials, additives, and surrounding components have been crucial in identifying and mitigating potential issues like chemical reactions, corrosion, and leakage. Advanced coating techniques and tailored additives have been developed to enhance compatibility, prevent phase separation, and improve phase change behavior. Analytical techniques such as spectroscopy and thermal analysis have provided deeper insights into PCM material interactions. Strategies like corrosion-resistant coatings and the exploration of innovative container materials, including composites and polymers, have improved resistance to chemical reactions and corrosion. Life cycle assessments and computational modeling have furthered the understanding of PCM behavior and system design, promoting more sustainable and efficient PCM solutions [82, 86].
