*Experimental values of SEIG & prime-mover parameters under different operating conditions.*

*Use of Induction Generators in Small Hydro Power Generation System Feeding Isolated Load… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105650*


**Table 3.**

*Experimental values of SEIG parameters under different resistive & inductive loads.*

voltage is build-up, load is connected across the SEIG and its effect on the SEIG speed, voltage, power factor and excitation capacitance is recorded under different loading and operating conditions.

#### **4.1 Voltage build-up process in SEIG**

At speed slightly higher than the synchronous speed of induction machine, a set of excitation capacitance (6 μF/phase) is switched ON and then the generated voltage at the terminals of SEIG is observed. In this set-up, full voltage development across the SEIG terminals is recorded when 12 μF/phase excitation capacitance in delta mode is connected for 2.2 kW rated induction generator at no load. Voltage generated at no load is slightly higher than the rated voltage of SEIG, but when load is switched, the voltage falls and is brought to its rated value by varying the excitation capacitance value connected across SEIG terminals. The required value of the capacitance as shown in **Table 1** can also be calculated by observing the terminal voltage and capacitor line current readings recorded during the experimentation. In this experimental process, the connected capacitance value in the capacitor bank connected in delta mode matched with the calculated value of excitation capacitance experimentally.

#### **4.2 SEIG under loaded conditions**

Domestic consumer electrical load in remote mountainous regions generally comprises of lighting and heating load using incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps. Apart from this; for a very short period electronic gadgets and house-hold single phase appliances are also used. To emulate these loading conditions, a three phase lamp load with multiple loading steps for each phase has been used to connect the lamp load on each phase in the experimental set-up. With greater emphasis on the maximum use of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) from energy conservation point of view, CFLs have also been used along with conventional incandescent lamps to evaluate the performance of SEIG. **Table 2** shows the experimental recorded parameters [23].

Experimental results show that a minimum value of excitation capacitance is required to build up the voltage at SEIG terminals on no load. For 2.2 kW, 4-pole SEIG, the terminal voltage built-up at 12 μF/phase in delta connected capacitor bank and it will be 36 μF/phase if connected in star connected mode [23]. With the increase in load, the SEIG terminal voltage slightly decreases along with the slight reduction in SEIG speed. This decrease in terminal voltage of SEIG due to increased load can however be balanced by increasing prime mover speed. Further increase in electrical load leads to increased requirement of excitation capacitance at rated speed. Since most of the domestic consumer electrical load is of single-phase type, 4-wire electrical distribution system is used for electrifying the villages which results in the un-balancing of load in each phase. To emulate this, unequal loading of SEIG has been done in the experimental study. The requirement of the excitation capacitance increases when inductive load is added to compensate for the lagging reactive power caused by the inductive load. **Table 3** shows the SEIG parameters recorded under resistive and inductive load.

#### **5. Conclusions**

The simulated performance of 3-phase SEIG system feeding isolated load have been investigated in this chapter and results are further validated using an *Use of Induction Generators in Small Hydro Power Generation System Feeding Isolated Load… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105650*

experimental setup. The observed results validate the usefulness and suitability of self-excited induction generators for feeding the isolated load in remote mountainous regions as it adapts well to meet the varying loading requirements and keeping the voltage and frequency of the system under permissible limits. During less load period, the wasted energy across dump load can further be utilized for other useful applications such as pumping of water to meet the potable and irrigation requirement in the hilly terrains. The vast use of these self-excited induction generator based systems can be useful to harness the maximum small hydro potential without affecting the environment much and also to meet the electricity requirement of remote Himalayan mountainous regions where distributing electricity is itself a challenging task due to harsh climatic and tough terrain conditions.

#### **Acknowledgements**

Our sincere thanks to the management of Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Limited to collect the daily electrical load data from their 33 kV/11 kV substation feeders feeding the remote locations presented in this paper.

#### **Author details**

Umesh C. Rathore1 \* and Sanjeev Singh<sup>2</sup>

1 Electrical Engineering Department, Government Hydro Engineering College Bandla, Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India

2 Electrical Engineering Department, MA NIT Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

\*Address all correspondence to: rathore7umesh@gmail.com

© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Section 3
