**3.2 Formal recycling**

Formal e-waste recyclers can be defined as all companies designated recycling that are included on the e-waste dismantling enterprise list and have a treatment license, which are issued by provincial environmental protection bureaus [20, 22]. Formal sector recycling process are safer for both workers and environment, because it is controlled by the governmental regulation and financing [22]. However, formal recyclers have to bear all the cost (collecting, transporting and disposing of hazardous fractions), while informal recyclers bear less expensive recycling practices. This is because informal recyclers benefit from the reduced costs in terms of recycling technology, collection, pollution, and control systems [23].
