**1. Introduction**

E-waste is informal but popular term. It refers to any electrical or electronic equipment which are in the end of their useful life. Globally, markets of electronic and electrical equipment have grown dramatically. While these products lifespan has become shorter, they are ending up in rubbish dumps or recycling centers. Concerns of the e-waste bad effects have raised around the world. Twenty to fifty percentage of e-waste has been generated per year around the world [1]. It has become a big threat on environment and human health [2]. The major reasons of e-waste growing amount are: Short lifespan of the electronic products [1], growth of population, economic development, and consumption patterns changing [3]. Many countries have followed different approaches to solve the e- waste issue. This research has shown some of these strategies and the successful one has been chosen to focus in order to benefit

from it. In addition, a surveying has done to exam the awareness of people about the e-waste effects on their health and environment. Furthermore, recommendations have been added to manage the e- waste successfully.

## **2. E-waste impacts**

E-waste can be classified according to their physical and chemical constituent. The compositions of e-waste include: Metals such as [Copper, Iron, Tin, Nickel, Lead, Aluminum, Zinc, Silver, Gold, and Palladium], Plastics, Metal-plastic mixture, Cables, Screens (CRT and LCD), PCB, Pollutants, Wood, and Refractory and Oxides…etc. [4].

E- waste contaminants can be classified into three types [4]:


The unsuitable recycling activities of e-waste such as open burning and manual dismantling cause soil and river pollution. This is discovered by finding fire retardants in soil and river sediments in Vietnam [6]. Soil pollution also was found in china near the e waste recycling area [7]. By observing the heavy metal concentration in the air, it found that in e-waste open burning site the levels of these metals are higher, and the air pollution in these areas was higher [8]. Also it was found that in e waste area that the PCBs and BFRs levels in indoor dust were higher than non-e-waste area [9]. In addition, it was discovered that the illegal dismantling of e-waste with open-air burning have bad impacts on the groundwater [10], and surface water [11].

Several studies have indicated that e-waste has bad effects on the human health. By testing the blood, hair and urine, it have discovered that people who live near the e waste sites have high ∑mPAEs concentration in their urine than other people who live in non e waste site [12]. In addition, carcinogenic metabolites has exist in the respondents internal hair [13]. Furthermore, exposure to the heavy metals has caused acute and chronic effects such as respiratory reproductive problems, cardiovascular, and irritation [14]. Studies have shown by testing the DNA of workers who recycling e-waste, there is a correlation between damage of DNA and duration of e waste processing in informal e-waste recycling site [15–17]. E-waste also causes spontaneous abortions, premature births, and reduced birth length [18].
