**5. Results**

The water quality parameters of the upstream section of Soan river tested in this study are summarized in **Table 2**. The pH was normal in all sites except in site D. Conductivity, D.O, sodium, and cadmium had high values concerning the standards. While, T.D.S, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, potassium, aluminum, and copper did not exceed the limit, and fell within the normal range. Potassium, chromium, and manganese show the normal range at sites A & B while surpassing ranges at sites C & D. The water temperature was 25–27°C from upstream to downstream.


### **Table 3.**

*Percent composition (%) of aquatic insects in four different stations of Soan River, Pakistan.*


*Notes: FBI = Family Biotic Index; BMWP = Biological Monitoring Work Party; ASPT = Average Score Per Taxon; EPT = Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera; Water Quality Index = WQI.*

### **Table 4.**

*The water quality of the Soan River is based on biological indices and water quality index.*

A total of 412 individuals of macroinvertebrates were captured, which represents 7 orders. Site A has shown more variety of insects than all the other sites. Total abundance was higher at site C. The variety of insects drops from upstream to downstream stations and only limits to order Diptera (**Table 3**). In the biotic index, the FBI shows good water quality in upstream stations (sites A & B) while quality decreases fairly in site C and becomes very poor at the last site. The BMWP shows the same trend just like FBI but starts from fair biological quality to very poor biological quality from upstream to downstream. The ASPT represents good water quality at site A and decreases the status to very poor at site D. The EPT only shows good water quality at site A and poor in all remaining sites. In the Physicochemical index, the WQI shows good water quality at sites A & B while fair in sites C & D (**Table 4**).

*Evaluation of Water Quality Using Physicochemical Parameters and Aquatic Insects Diversity DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108423*
