*2.1.8.1 Tools and methods used*

The private operators companies even though they have limited areas of coverage, these enterprises have been found to have been very effective in their operations. The private operators and the government agencies such as KNUPDA, REMASAB, and Ministry of Environment and of Cape Gate were all found to be involved in public education/awareness campaigns and enlightenment on the need for recovery as well as the importance of recycling recovered waste. They inform and enlighten the general public as well as individuals, families, and or community solid waste stakeholders/groups to improve their environmental health and support the projects of the state government in the area of clean environment and the monthly payment of the agreed fees to the private company. Whereas the benefits of these public education and enlightenment campaign have been recent advances fully highlighted as shown below:-


The benefits of public knowledge are manifold. To effectively reap the benefits, sanitation authorities should develop strategies and procedures for putting them into action. One of these is identifying particular target audiences and planning the methods and media to reach them. Second, should environmental education be incorporated into the curriculum or should it only be used in extracurricular activities like theater and debate? How do we acquire the tools and funds necessary to support the campaigns? Will business stakeholders and charitable people be willing to sponsor the campaigns, or at the very least some radio and television jingles? The benefits of public enlightenment are so many. However, to effectively reap them, sanitation authorities should identify strategies and work out means of achieving them. One of such is the identification of specific target groups and preparing the means and medium of reaching them. Secondly, can we include environmental education in school programs or limit it to extracurricular activities such as drama and debating? How do we find material and financial resources to fund the campaigns? Will corporate stakeholders and philanthropic individuals be willing to sponsor the campaigns or at least some jingles on radio and television? Or limit it to extracurricular activities

such as drama and debating? How do we find material and financial resources to fund the campaigns? Will corporate and philanthropic individuals be willing to sponsor the campaigns or even if it is some jingles on radio and television? [8]. Most especially in the newly introduced on-site recovery and recycling of the recyclables from the waste stream, which has been a challenge for sometimes in the study area until of recent. Therefore, if the solid waste management hierarchy tool concept is fully utilized, the rest is simple; this is because waste will have been reduced by almost 35–40% [9, 10]. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2021 in two of the local governments in Nigeria. Kano, Nassarawa, and Municipal local governments are among the 774 local government areas in Nigeria and these two Local Government Areas are within the Kano urban Area in Kano State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in Kofar Kudu and Giginyu, in the south part of the city of Kano. It has an area of 17 km<sup>2</sup> and 18.8 km2 and a population of 465,525 and 464,321, respectively, as at the 2011 population census. The main environmental sanitation scope given attention in Kano Municipal and Nassarawa local government areas is waste collection and disposal. Kano Municipal and Nassarawa, as urban centers, are known for their overpopulation and commercial activities. Kano Municipal and Nassarawa like many other cities in Nigeria are faced with perennial ecological problems favorable to the survival of parasites causing diseases. The major sanitation facilities include: REMASAB bins, private waste management companies, and other SWM stakeholders engaged with evacuating tanks, personal bins, basket, unauthorized dump site plot, and occasionally, fumigation of the markets. The study contained three domains mainly; stakeholders and vital information, mode of refuse disposal, and refuse disposal consistency. Waste that was observed in the study area is mostly from residential areas. Mode of refuse disposal is focused on collecting information on methods of refuse disposal, types of building residents live, and material use for disposal. While refuse are collected and disposed of at a certain fees collected every month by the private companies. Study questionnaires were also used to collect data from the study area. The data sources were measured using a structure questionnaire. Primarily, a structured interview questionnaire, which was made valid and reliable by a team of other solid waste management experts, was used for data collection. The final questionnaire had 16 questions covering information about domains; information and vital information, mode of refuse disposal, and refuse disposal consistency.

### *2.1.8.2 How the practice is being implemented*

The customers who are the citizens are expected to always clean their houses and its surroundings and their establishments and then put the solid wastes in the supplied drums form the private companies. Items to recover from the waste are the usual recyclables of metal and aluminum. Glass, paper, (non-degradable) and the kitchen / food waste which constitute the highest in the waste stream (degradable) [11]. They are to also to ensure that payment for services rendered is regularly made and on time. The waste collection and disposal companies on their part are to regularly convey the solid wastes from their customers' residences and business premises for proper on-site recovery and the recycling process and finally to dumping sites. They are also to enlighten the general public on keeping a clean environment. As for the cost per household, for the service rendered, the waste disposal companies' charges are dependent on the distance from the houses to the disposal sites. At the moment it is a flat rate of N2, 000 per month based on their limited area of coverage for example the Clean Town Company initially started operating using 200 liters drum,
