**2. Methods of agro waste utilization and management**

#### **2.1 Composting**

Composting is one of the old-age methods for transforming agro wastes into hygienic, stabilized, and non-polluting materials, thus retrieving the beneficial nutrients and enhancing soil fertility [11]. Therefore, composting is commonly adopted as a biological treatment method for agro wastes, but enhancing compost maturity is essential for the safe use of composting products [12]. The agro waste can be converted into valuable compost on utilization of proper role of certain microorganism. The generated product obtained by microbial action has a lot of superiority in agriculture as it helps in enhancing productivity, better soil biodiversity, and sustainable environment. Thus, composting can be one of the better options for the processing

### *Perspective Chapter: Environmental-Friendly Agro Waste Management DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107505*

of the large volume of agro wastes generated worldwide [13]. Gusmawartati et al. [14] have studied the quality of compost generated from taking various combinations of agro wastes such as cassava peel, empty fruit bunches of oil palm, banana skin, and rice straw. Mastouri et al. [15] have studied the growth of lettuce using compost obtained from a mixture of tree bark wastes obtained from orchid, aldar, horn beech, oak, hard wood tree, etc. Pergola et al. [16] had emphasized on the restoration of soil organic matter function in agricultural soil with various agricultural additives of reconverted waste biomasses. Aslam et al. [17] have studied vermin composting of rice straw, wheat straw, and cow dung by Eisenia fetida on-farm management of nutrients such as NPK, beneficial humus, soil microbes, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, actinomycets, micronutrients, nitrogen fixing, growth hormones such as auxins, etc. Yu et al. [18] had taken multiple combinations of agro waste (from mushroom industry) compost and biofertilizer for enhancing yield and higher sustainability of a pepper crop. Trillas et al. [19] have studied the reduction of solani diseases in cucumber seedlings by application of compost obtained from agro waste such as olive marc, grape marc, spent mushroom, and cork. Particularly, Trichoderma Asperellum reduces the relevance of solani pathogen in the soil on amending at 103 cfu/ml. Karak et al. [20] had investigated the maturity of compost obtained with various ratios of agro wastes, such as wheat straw, rice straw, mustard stover, and potato plant obtained in both the presence and absence of fish pond bottom sediment. Gea et al. [21] had studied on controlling dry bubble diseases in mushroom farming caused by Verticillium fungicola. They had used various agro-based waste composts generated from a mixture of olive oil husk, used mushroom substrate, cotton grit thrashed along with compost from grape marc compost, rice husk, and cork compost.
