**7. Control measures and Management of Industrial Wastes**

The adverse effects of poor disposal of industrial wastes on man, animals, and the environment have resulted in an effort by industries to seek out measures to control and manage wastes generated within their facilities. In addition to the effects, economic and legal (in terms of host community court litigation) implications of waste generation and disposal affect industry-generated revenue. As stated in Ref. [40], the actual costs of generated waste in industry are purchase cost of materials, handling and processing costs, disposal cost, lost revenue, management time and monitoring costs, potential liabilities, and post-disposal segregation. In monitoring and controlling the management of industrial wastes, it is important to carry out pollutant characteristic evaluation so as to examine properties like phytotoxicity, toxicity level (environment and human), persistence, toxic activity, mobility, and bioaccumulation potentials of dioxins in wastes disposed at an engineering landfill facility by government agencies or private bodies so as to determine the effect of their release into the environment [9].

#### **7.1 Waste management hierarchy**

In industrial waste management, waste disposal is usually the last resort as industries may lose resources from disposing wastes with reusable or valuable materials often because an industry's waste is another's resource. A framework for deciding method of managing waste in the industry in order to focus on health, safety, environmental protection, sustainability, and cleaner generation of waste is the Waste Management Hierarchy (**Figure 15**) [40]. This hierarchy gives priority according to the waste management methods implemented in the industry and replaces the traditional 3R approach to waste management, namely reduce, reuse, and recycle [41].

The waste management hierarchy points waste management unit to develop a waste management roadmap by first preventing the generation of waste, which is the most preferred management method. When prevention is no longer practicable, waste reduction methods may be implemented through improved manufacturing techniques; after this, the unit would contemplate actions that promote waste reuse. Further, waste recycling options are considered. The next action of the waste management unit would then be energy recovery from the waste, while treatment and disposal are the final actions and the least preferable methods; all of these planning and actionable decisions could be carried out on a six-stage, inverted pyramid shown in **Figure 16** [40].

#### **7.2 Collaborative or Co-operative industrial waste management (CWM)**

Unlike municipal wastes, industrial wastes are invaluable or usable raw materials within and across many industries. Waste management techniques, involving reuse, recycle, or energy recovery from wastes, can either be carried out in an industry that generates such wastes or in another industry that has need and capacity to utilize the wastes as resource material or energy source [40]. Waste management carried out by *Perspective Chapter: Industrial Waste Landfills DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108787*

#### **Figure 15.**

*Landfill sustainability assessment framework [33].*

**Figure 16.** *Industrial waste management hierarchy [41].*

a waste-generating industry through another industry is referred to as Collaborative Waste Management (CWM); this collaboration can be direct (**Figure 17**) or through an intermediary (**Figure 18**). CWM is an aspect of circular economy (CE), which is an industrial model that involves production, consumption, reuse, lease, repair, refurbishment, share, and recycling of industrial products in order to enhance retention of raw material value, majorly through circularity [42].

An illustration of collaborative industrial waste management is setup, according to Ref. [43], in Kalundborg, Denmark (**Figure 19**). It consisted of closely located

**Figure 17.**

*Direct industrial waste management collaboration [39].*

**Figure 18.** *Intermediary industrial waste management collaboration [39].*

#### *Perspective Chapter: Industrial Waste Landfills DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108787*

industries including a cement factory, an oil refinery, a pharmaceutical firm, a coalpowered electricity station, a construction industry, and a plasterboard plant. In this setup, the gypsum, sludge, steam, and ash produced as wastes in the coal-powered plant are used raw materials in plasterboard plant, construction, oil refinery, and cement industries. Also, sulfur produced as waste in the refinery is used as raw material in the sulfuric acid manufacturing plant.

Other instances of CWM approach to industrial waste management can be seen in the use of waste oil and oil-containing materials from petroleum industry as alternative fuel in high-energy demand facilities like cement kilns or the use of spent oils from mining industry as raw material for the production of explosives, such as ammonium nitrate produced by the bulk mining explosive (BME) industry [40]. Also, sawdust, bark, wood scraps, planer shavings, and sanderdust produced in sawmill and woodwork facilities can be recovered and burnt for energy recovery in boiler facilities. There are advantages according to Ref. [40], which can be derived from using CWM method by industries. These advantages can be in terms of economic, social, safety, and legal gains and they include: (i) cost saving on waste disposal, (ii) improved company image with host community, (iii) reduced risk of liability, and (iv) public health and environment benefits.
