*2.1.3 Research question and objective*

The research question is:


The research objective is:


The choices made in the process of execution of the study can be justification in essence that the study is one of the many attempts that have been made by authors in order to resolve the SWM related issues, but still, solid waste management is not being handled holistically, this is because most of the cities in Nigeria are still undertaking collection of mixed type of waste [5], while the enforcement of appropriate local/state government treatment system is found missing. Eventually, there are recent advanced issues of MSWM in Nigeria that have not been addressed efficiently so far for the treatment of waste. Hence, this paper also discusses the missing interlinks and loopholes in this regard. In fact, the situation has become severe for most of the municipal authorities as a proper assessment of the SWM is not done before suggesting and implementing the strategies [6]. Therefore, the end of resourceful solid waste leads to unscientific dumpsites without proper treatment of waste. However, a detailed and well-justified

table of the important points from the large and available literature was also investigated, and the following aspects ensure (**Table 1**):


#### **Table 1**

*Justification for SWM stakeholders in solid waste management perspective.*

#### *2.1.4 Who initiates the recent practice?*

The owner of the private liability company claimed that he initiated the practice in two other cities in Nigeria and later opened the company in Kano. In fact, most of the waste disposal companies registered in the study area were initiated by their owners. They first began to enlighten the communities on the need to have clean environments in the course of which they were able to have more customers. For example, one of the companies, a private solid waste enterprise, was given a contract by Kano State government for the collection and disposal of wastes in Kano City and the state government through the ministry of environment issued a circular to the residential houses, informing them of the engagement of the company and on the need for the citizens to patronize it. And in complementing the effort of the state government, these operators also embark on awareness and enlightenment campaigns by advertisement in radios and televisions. This has resulted in having more customers than the earlier envisaged. A recent advance in this regard is that these registered private solid waste companies send questionnaires to their customers to fill, with the sole aim of seeing that they serve their customers better. And once in a while, they organize public meetings with their customers to air their views on aspects of improvement or otherwise.

#### *2.1.5 The management of the waste private company*

It was discovered that the managing director of the other registered private waste firm and the new SW German private company Cape Gate Company (overseer) may also be the owner of these enterprises. In order to promote economic growth and a higher standard of living, the government places a key priority on SWM: minimizing and eliminating the negative effects of waste materials on the human health and environment. In order to save money and prevent waste accumulation, this needs to be done as soon as feasible. As far as operation and maintenance are concerned, the enterprises currently self-finance using bank loans. On-site engineers and sanitation inspectors who have received the appropriate training typically handle waste material recovery and recycling.

#### *2.1.6 The beneficiaries*

Due to the issue of secrecy, as such it is very difficult to find out the number of people served by the operators of the private waste collection and disposal companies, this issue is so rampant among all the waste companies visited by this author. However, the local government areas mostly covered by these operators are Kano Municipal and Nassarawa local government areas. The primary beneficiaries are the end users (waste generators) and the private operators the (SW managers). And this is followed closely by the local and state governments who are also beneficiaries in that these private companies' complements their efforts of achieving a clean environment in Kano metropolis and as well as monetary aspect these private companies must pay to the state government every year as a public liability company.

#### *2.1.7 How long has the practice been in existence?*

This practice started as far back as 1984, but the recovery and recycling aspect started less than a year ago when the then Military Government launched a program titled "war against indiscipline." Lack of environmental sanitation was among the first items attracting severe penalties that included: heavy fines, twelve (12) strokes of cane, imprisonment or both. In fact, most household owners have welcomed the coming of these companies, especially the overseer company that assisted in complying with the rules and regulations introduced under the program from the initial kick off.

#### *2.1.8 Where it is being used and its spread*

Apart from the German company hired by the Kano state ministry of environment. These other solid waste private operators or waste collection and disposal in Kano walled City. There are a few popular ones that are also situated in Kano. These include Rubbish and Garbage Limited, Foundation and Waste Disposal Company (WASCO), and Clean Town Engineering Company (Nigeria) Limited. Most Nigerian cities, including Lagos and Kano, have this technique in place, but it's unclear whether it was introduced there because Kano City's operators claimed it was their own idea [7]. One of the companies, WASCO, however, began its operations in Lagos before relocating to Kano in April 1998. There are few common ones also located in Kano and this include: Clean Town Engineering Company (Nig.) Limited, Foundation and Waste Disposal Company (WASCO) and Rubbish and Garbage Limited. This practice has been operational in most Nigerian cities like Lagos and Kano, but it is not clear
