**9. Conclusion**

Industrial wastes are unavoidable waste materials generated from industrial manufacturing processes. Many of these wastes materials have characteristics such as toxicity, ignitability, corrosivity, or reactivity, making them not only hazardous but also potential human and environmental health risk factors; although some industrial wastes are nonhazardous. The hazardous nature of industrial wastes has made disposal an important aspect of industrial operations. There are various methods by which industries manage and dispose their wastes but disposal at landfills remains the most practiced due to advantages such as large volume storage, inexpensive operational and maintenance costs, over other disposal methods. Landfilling operations, however, can lead to public health risks if poorly managed or designed due to the formation of by-products like biogas and leachate. Engineering or secure landfill design has features to mitigate contamination from landfill by-products and reduce environmental degradation by preventing leachate from seeping into groundwater and trapping biogas for energy production.

Modern industrial waste management technique focuses on retention of waste material values through reuse by same or other industry as raw material. This technique, called collaborative industrial waste management (CMW), is a subset of circular economy (CE), which is a model employed by large manufacturing industries to harness maximum economic, safety, social, and legal gains from their operations. It is important to operate landfills in a sustainable manner to reduce their negative impact. Also, regulation of landfill operations by the government is necessary to achieve desired environmental health and to mitigate environmental degradation occasioned by landfilling.
