**9. Public education for sustainable SWM**

CAA and CADs are obliged to conduct public education regularly on sound environmental practices. Although 29 out of the 40 companies agree with the presence of public education, they said that it is not implemented regularly. From the FGD we noticed that, in Ethiopian cities there is no public education about 3R principles even on TV or in the school's curriculum. Changing individual behaviour towards recycling and other forms of waste management is central to achieving a sustainable future [43, 44]. That is why such effective programmes have to be implemented to match this goal.

There are fundamental principles of the by-laws as the document review of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA discloses. Accordingly, principle 'A'states: Cities have the relevant, responsibility to ensure that all waste generated within their jurisdiction is collected, transported treated, disposed of or recycled. And principle 'B' underlines that such collection, transportation, treatment, disposal or recycling is the responsibility of waste management hierarchy as stated in the subsections of the by-laws.

The by-laws underpin principles to establish a waste management hierarchy of priority: (a) waste avoidance, waste minimisation and waste reduction; (b) reuse; (c) recycling, reprocessing and treatment; and (d) disposal. However, the principles are not properly implemented by CAA and CADs as the officials confirmed during the

interview. For example, there is no sanctioning against offenders, against residents and private providers for violating the by-laws. Companies' views on CAA and CADs' implementation based on their contractual agreement are presented.

Monitoring of SWC needs information about performance targets type of waste collected, number of trips made and cubic meter of waste disposed.

As it is shown in **Table 2**, 32 respondents said monitoring of the companies' compliance to regulations and standards on 3R principles was inadequate. Quantity of waste collected and their output by CAA and CADs was adequate according to 36 companies' responses. They have workers appointed in the disposal sites to keep records on the waste disposed. The payment is based on these records. However, there is no effort from CAA and CADs to monitor companies to separate waste.

The CAA and CADs have an obligation of supervising the private companies to implement 3R principles. The contract management and supervision of the private sector by the CAA and CADs are rated inadequate by 37 companies. The interview with these companies shows this is due to the limited capacity and lack of commitment of CAA and CADs to enforce the principles.

Monitoring of SWC includes daily inspection of service areas and container sites; issuing warning letters and terminating contracts for poor performance.

CAA and CADs do not adequately enforce the sanctions indicated in the contract as 34 of the respondents pointed out. Oduro-Kwarting [37] remarks the experience from Ghana shows the municipality takes responsibility for monitoring the performance of service providers. Providers shall co-operate fully with the monitoring firm. This means, it allows the firm to have access at all times; to inspect work being carried out under the agreement and all records and documents maintained by the service provider. It also permits the firm to inspect the service provider's vehicles, plant, stocks of spare parts and workshop facilities. This, in turn, helps to observe regulations. Moreover, providers shall attend monthly meetings at the request of the regulator firm where operational and other issues of mutual interest may be discussed.

CAA and CADs apply enforcement of by-laws and contract rules on companies. On this issue, the views of the company managers are presented in **Table 3**. They do have differing views as 34 of them disagree the by-laws on 3R were enforced; 37 of them also disagree that the fines for defaulting the by-laws were not punitive enough; 38 of them assert that the monitoring of compliance was not effectively done, and 35 of the companies said the environmental health standards and sanitary regulations implementation of 3R were not strictly observed and enforced.
