**5.1 Lessons learnt**

In spite of the ongoing successful journey of a private waste contractor and or private sector stakeholders in municipal waste in Kano metropolis is having some operational challenges which if adequately taken care of, the full benefits identified above would be fully realized. During this research study on challenges of SWM in terms of recovery, recycling, collection and final disposal of these waste by private SW stakeholders operators in Kano City, some issues have been identified as very important and these are:


*Challenges of SWM Hierarchy System: The Stakeholders New Saga in Perspectives DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107123*

#### **Figure 4.**

*Showing the mountainous heap of solid waste at a dumpsite in Kano metropolis. Source: Field survey 2021.*

#### **5.2 Conclusion**

It is obvious from the analysis done previously on private garbage collectors operating under a franchise agreement in Kano metropolitan that their business has a role in urban solid waste management. This leads to the conclusion that their involvement in waste management extends beyond successful recovery, recycling collection and disposal, and a decrease in governmental activities to include the growth of the macroeconomic and specific industries. Since franchising is not possible, it is advised that the high density sections of Kano metropolitan should also be managed by private enterprises under contract. The government should perform its duty of providing proper oversight and enforcement when in the franchised regions, especially to deal with illegitimate operators and fee defaulters. Additionally, the location of disposal sites needs to be improved to allow for easy vehicular entry and exit. Campaigns for public education and awareness should be supported both in the research area and across Nigeria. The amount of garbage produced would significantly decrease if every resident was aware of the effects their waste has on the environment and public health. Therefore, for the waste management system to advance, general public knowledge is necessary. SWM effects on the environment and public health must be addressed and evaluated in their context. A considerable sum of money has already been spent without a thorough appraisal or development strategy. Only a few towns were able to create an efficient mechanism for a door-to-door collection system due to ineffective government legislation. Solid waste storage is a challenge as well because collection trucks can't pick up garbage every day. The secondary bins are frequently seen to be overflowing with leachate, occupied by rag pickers, and engaged in conflict with other creatures like street dogs, cows, rodents, etc. Due to poor infrastructure, the solid waste transportation system is still in the stage of development. Education and enlightenment programs are key here and it would facilitate the development of technical know-how on the conversion of waste to resources thereby enlightening more people to embrace new technological strategy skills on areas in the management of waste. Noting the complex characteristics and conditions of the low-income settlements, community based programs involving community based organizations, nongovernmental organizations and other service providers are a necessary complement to utility managed sanitation services. The project ensures that partnerships are

developed not only between utilities and communities but also between utilities and service providers. The private operators engaged in solid waste collection and disposal are the other service providers and therefore their operational modes and limitations can aid. The government still have a role to play in establishing a public partnership in the various phases of solid waste management to limit the over-dependence exerted on state or its agency for waste management and increase efficiency in the management process, implementing and enforcing SWM policies as well as developing efficient avenues for the acquisition of subsidized technologies that are needed in the waste management process.
