3.Computer Tomography Imaging

For image processing, computer tomography (CT) uses X-ray radiation, however this approach can create X-ray absorption values by volume elements in the inspected item. It is one of the most useful non-destructive procedures that uses ionizing radiation to provide qualitative and quantitative data. It can visualize the texture and volume fractions of the items under investigation. In a multi-slice CT system, it uses spiral data collecting mode, in which an image reconstruction algorithm calculates 2D pixel values with a third dimension determined by slice thickness.

4.Acoustic Sensor

The noise level of the pest is used to monitor the noise level as it approaches the predetermined threshold level. It is tuned to capture the pest's lowest sound, such as the sound made by the larva biting the stem. When it detects sound in the calibrated sound level, it must save the position and data. Other sounds, such as those produced by the wind and the equipment that carries it, must also be eliminated.

## 5.Bioluminescence imaging

The chemical reaction (oxidation) that causes bioluminescence involves a specific enzyme and light-emitting chemicals. It detects biophoton emission in response to biotic and abiotic stress, which is thought to be the consequence of endogenous creation of metastable excited states as a result of spontaneous photon emission "representing" the organism's oxidation status. When assessing pest-induced damage, the employment of a monitoring system capable of detecting the biotic stress factor is enabled via spontaneous chemiluminescence. Thus, information about the extent and actual location of the harm caused by hidden pests can be collected indirectly. Physical symptoms must appear on the surface of plant tissues in order to assess the impact of the insect's harm on the entire plant. When the intensity of spontaneous plant autoluminescence is exceedingly low, photomultiplier tubes and photon counting instruments are commonly used.

#### 6.Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The low magnetic nature of hydrogen protons, which have varying behaviors depending on the type of tissue, is used in the magnetic resonance system (MRI). The investigated object is put within a magnet with a magnetic field strength of 0.2–3.0 Tesla (T). Because of the energy absorption, a steady magnetic field is applied by radio-frequency pulses on the suitable resonant frequency, known as the Larmor frequency, generating an excited state of the protons in the sample. These protons emit radio waves, which a receiver coil may detect, resulting in a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal. The foundation for MR imaging is measuring the intensity of the MR signal, correct spatial placement of signal intensities of various strengths from various sites of the inspected objects, and cross-sectional representation of the signal intensities with greyscale (**Table 2**).
