**3.8 Crash of Convair 580**

As many as 10 recent air crashes, including the American Airlines disaster in New York in November 2001, could have been linked to a newly uncovered scam by which old and faulty aircraft parts were sold as new [19]. Parts illegally salvaged from crashes, counterfeit parts, and other substandard components regularly find their way into the world's air fleets, sold at bargain prices, often with falsified documents about their origin or composition. The worst confirmed accident occurred on Sept. 8, 1989, when at 22,000 feet over the North Sea, the tail section of a Convair 580 turboprop plane began vibrating violently and tore loose [20]. The charter aircraft, carrying 55 people from Oslo to Hamburg, splattered over 3 1/2 miles of sea. Everyone onboard died. Norwegian investigators painstakingly dredged up 90% of the 36-yearold plane and found the cause: bogus bolts, bushings, and brackets.

## **3.9 Twin accidents involving Boeing 737 max**

A Boeing 737-Max airplane (Lion Air Flight 610) took off from Jakarta, Indonesia, on October 28th, 2018 and crashed into the Java Sea soon after takeoff, killing all 189 passengers and crew. Five months down the line, another Boeing 737-Max airplane (Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302) took off from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on March 10th, 2019 and crashed near the town of Bishoftu in Ethiopia, killing all 157 people in the aircraft. The aircraft contained a new feature called the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) in its flight control computer [21]. Crash of these two Boeing 737max airplanes raised eyebrows about the technical design flaws, faulty assumptions about pilot responses, and management failures by both Boeing and the FAA.
