**8. Conclusions**

Direct surface modification techniques using lasers or electron beams are pretty popular due to their reasonable cost and easy adaptation for small and large surfaces with complex geometry. The new generation of low-power femtosecond lasers with unique properties has enhanced the possibility of their use in many new exciting applications. Notably, for the surface modification of polymers, excimer lasers offer great potential. In addition, the medical industry is another sector where laser ablation and electron beam ablation play a key role. The medical industry has an ever-growing demand for the surfaces of implants and stents to enhance their performance. The technological advancements in e-beam ablation have resulted in the development of a novel surface processing technique capable of addressing these needs by rapidly producing bespoke surface features in a clean environment. It is being investigated for a range of medical applications.
