Meet the editors

Hai-Zhi Song is a professor at the Southwest Institute of Technical Physics and the University of Electronic Science and Technology, China. He obtained his Ph.D. degree from Peking University in 1995 and has worked at Nanjing University, Catholic University Leuven, Tsukuba University, Fujitsu Lab. Ltd., and Tokyo University. His research interests are optoelectronics, nano-materials, and quantum information processing. His achieve-

ments include: preparing materials and devices for the silicon-based light emitter, quantum dot/well laser, and single-photon source/detector; inventing techniques to control the size and site of quantum dots; developing focal-plane single-photon detectors; designing a series of 2D metal-halides as potential optoelectronic and catalysis materials; and realizing quantum devices such as fiber-integrated photon-pair-entangler, heralded single photon emitter and fiber quantum memories.

Kim Ho Yeap is an associate professor at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia. He received his BEng (Hons) in electrical and electronics engineering from Universiti Teknologi Petronas in 2004, MSc in microelectronics from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in 2005, and Ph.D. from Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman in 2011. He conducted research at the University of Oxford, UK in 2008 and Nippon Institute of Technology, Japan

in 2015. He is a senior member of the IEEE, a Professional Engineer registered with the Board of Engineers, Malaysia, a Chartered Engineer registered with the UK Engineering Council, and an ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer. He is an external examiner and external course assessor for Wawasan Open University. He has received 23 research grants and an award for university teaching excellence. He has published more than 100 research articles, including patents, refereed journal papers, conference proceedings, books, and book chapters. From 2017 to 2022, he was the Editor in Chief of the *i-manager's Journal on Digital Signal Processing*. He has also been a guest editor for the *Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences* and the *Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences*.

Dr. Magdalene Goh obtained her diploma in electrical and electronics engineering from Inti College before leaving for the UK to pursue her BEng in electrical engineering and electronics and, later on, her Ph.D. She had previously worked in industry in the areas of semiconductor process technology, silicon wafer characterizations, mask layout design, analog circuits design and design for testability (DFT). Since 2014 she has been

actively involved with the radio telescope team at Penang Science Cluster, where she works with a team of volunteers from both academia and industry to create radio astronomy curricula for school pupils and college students. Dr. Goh's research interests are in semiconductor physics and electromagnetics.

## Contents


Preface

The discovery of the electromagnetic field is one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 19th century. As one of the most important physical phenomena, the electromagnetic field extends into most human activities. It is also a fundamental concept in modern science and technology, with impacts on manufacturing, medicine,

In recent decades, there has been rapid development of many new areas of science and technology including information and communications technology, microelectronics, optics, and molecular biology. Electromagnetic field theory has been applied in such areas as microwave communication, remote sensing, navigation, photon detection and imaging, biomedicine, aerospace technology, weather forecasting, and so on. Civilian applications are mainly concentrated in such areas as mobile terminals, wireless communications, and radio frequency identification technology, while military applications involve national security systems and defense equipment, such as radar, navigation, satellites, etc. Wherever communication is required (on land, under water, in the sky or in space), advanced electromagnetic theory and technology are needed. Electromagnetic theory and engineering face increasing challenges with the development of many new fields such as millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave technologies, microwave monolithic integrated circuits, smart antennas, portable devices, new artificial electromagnetic materials, computational electromagnetics, electromagnetic compatibility, terahertz technology and bio-electromagnetics.

This book reviews recent achievements in the theory and application of electromagnetism in highly developed sciences and technologies. Three broad aspects are considered: new insights into the electromagnetic field; its application in scientific research; and its application in technology. Chapter 1 offers new ideas about the electromagnetic field in 3-dimensional space. In electromagnetic interactions, the magnetic field of the spin and the electrostatic field of charges are studied separately. Gravitation is also considered to emphasize the similarity between it and electromagnetism. Chapter 2 explores the impacts of the new definitions of electric current and magnetic flux on the explanation of electromagnetic and photoelectric phenomena; also on the proper understanding of the duality confusion and wireless power transfer history. As the electric charge and magnetic flux are recognized as forms of energy, the ampere can be removed from the SI system. Chapter 3 considers electric fields within lightning clouds in atmospheres of different properties. A new concept, electric field at the verge of discharge, is introduced, which might be the result of two specific charge configurations. By focusing on observation points close to lightning clouds, valuable information can be extracted from the structures that produce pronounced sinks/sources with large divergences of the electric field. Chapter 4 discusses the dielectric constant of materials in microwave electromagnetic fields, extending Debye relaxation to explain material behaviors. The chapter also describes which form should be taken if there is a non-thermal effect upon chemical reactions under microwave radiation. Chapter 5 explains two types of electromagnetic power

astronomy, meteorology, and many other fields.
