**3. Conclusions**

Spatial data are difficult to interpret by themselves. Turning them into maps and graphs makes them easier to observe and find any patterns. The maps are especially useful because, in addition to the visual component, which facilitates observation, they allow us to overlay different types of information (from aerial photographs, satellite images, and statistical data).

Often, looking at a map is enough to find a distribution pattern or a relationship between variables and their spatial distribution. Combine different groups of data and looking at them from different perspectives (scales) can be a valuable method, and information technology allows to do it quickly.

Lidar data is one of the most recent sources of information and can be used for a wide range of applications, including natural resource management, urban planning, and disaster response.

GIS and spatial analysis deliver valuable tools for understanding the complex relationships between health and the environment and can support evidence-based decision-making in public health and environmental policy.

By providing detailed and accurate information about land use and land cover changes, they can help inform policy and management decisions to ensure sustainable land use practices.

Spatial analysis and GIS are also powerful tools that can help to improve the efficiency, safety, and sustainability of transportation and infrastructure systems and the efficiency, accuracy, and sustainability in the mining industry.
