**Figure 5.**

*Long-run precipitation by sub-village and region.*

Age of household head, household head literacy status, and male and female workforce variables demonstrate significant robust impacts on migration. Access to agricultural extension services also shows significant and strong effects on migration. This analysis suggests households with older members, family with more male and female workforce, and households with access to agricultural extension services tend to migrate out of their community more so than other households. On the other hand, higher level of literacy seems to discourage migration.

The total livestock unit (TLU) variable showed insignificant impact on migration. Since livestock ownership serves here as a proxy indicator for wealth in rural areas of Tanzania, a higher TLU household is a richer family. However, larger household income seems both to encourage and discourage a given member of a family to migrate. Empirical results suggest households working on good soil quality farms and with farm plots far from market tend not to migrate. Households with good soil conditions have the opportunity to earn more revenue from farm produce than households with poor soil. Thus, the household's tendency to improve livelihoods by sending a household member to migrate would be lower for those with better soil quality. The negative effect of distance to market indicates household access to a nearby market reduces households' tendency to send a family member to migrate. This outcome could occur because households closer to markets do not see the need to migrate because of greater economic opportunity compared to households farther from market [60].

Study results suggest families holding title to their land are 0.0787 times more likely to migrate. Total land area is also significantly related to migration. When

#### **Figure 6.**

*Long-run temperature coefficient of variation (CoV).*

**Figure 7.** *Long-run precipitation coefficient of variation (CoV).*

*Spatial Analysis of Climate Driver Impacts on Sub-Saharan African Migration Patterns… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106067*

#### **Figure 8.**

*Household plot distance to nearest market.*

**Figure 9.** *Household land size.*


#### **Table 3.**

*Logistic regression results for migration determinants.*

considering both title of land and total land area, the analyses indicate both variables show significant positive migration impacts. These outcomes suggest households with more land holdings and secured land ownership tend to migrate. Since land serves as financial capital for tenure-secured households, land ownership might be used to leverage costs associated with migration.
