**1. Introduction**

Since the 20th century, global warming has hastened ominously, due to a large number of greenhouse gas emanations, a fast increasing population and fossil fuel combustion. At a worldwide scale, the occurrence of climate-induced natural disasters increases the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, floods, droughts, unpredicted hikes in temperature and unseasonal heavy rainfalls. Global climate changes hastily influence all sectors of the economy specifically the agriculture sector through variations in planting patterns and productivity. The frequent appearance of extreme events, incessant increase in greenhouse gas emanations, hike in temperature patterns and sporadic precipitation will pose a great threat to economies. Climate change has a prominent influence on developing countries, especially in South Asia and Africa. Furthermore, arid and semi-arid areas of South Asia are under the significant threat of climate change. Ullah & Takaaki [1] mention that' *Pakistan is listed among hazard-prone countries which are hardly hit by climate change. For the reason that it does not have adequate resources to tackle and recover from several large-scale disasters because it is quite complex and resource-demanding'.* Pakistan is included in the list of those countries that are vulnerable to climate change, and vulnerability is basically because of its geographical, demographical and adverse climate circumstances [2]. Unexpected variations in temperature and precipitation trends as well as frequent floods and droughts increase the vulnerability of residents of the country. *Climate change has increased global mean temperature* [3, 4] *and melting of glaciers and sea* [5], *changes in precipitation patterns, and the rise in sea level* [6]. Pakistan is included in those countries which will bear huge losses by climate change in the future [7].

Pörtner et al. [8] disclosed vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation through words:

"*The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected by climate change and human as well as ecosystems vulnerability are interdependent. Furthermore, it encompasses a variety of concepts and elements, including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt".*

*"Adaptation in human systems, the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects to moderate harm or take advantage of beneficial opportunities. while in natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual climate and its effects; human intervention may facilitate this".*

*"Mitigation is achieved by limiting or preventing greenhouse gas emissions and by enhancing activities that remove these gases from the atmosphere".*
