**3. Contribution of urban and peri-urban agriculture to food security and livelihoods in African cities**

Food insecurity is a significant problem in Africa due to rapid urbanisation as urban needy people spend 60–80% of their income on food which, is of low quality and quantity [5, 33]. This food insecurity pushes the rural population to migrate to cities in search of better living conditions. UPA is very beneficial in Africa as it supplies vegetables to urban areas within 30 km radius and this contribute about 70% of their food's needs [34]. In the short term, it increases food security, diversification, food self-sufficiency, earnings, job creation and encourage the use of municipal waste as composts [35, 36].
