**4. Challenges of vegetables production in SSA**

The lack of training of farmers in West Africa on education on innovative agricultural practices and agricultural extension affects vegetable production by causing the yield loss. The yield loss negatively impacts the incomes of farmers and their means of subsistence. Some agricultural practices such as irrigation of vegetable farms with contaminated water, the use of animal or human wastes, pre and post-harvest handling practices, transportation, storage and processing are factors that contribute to bacterial and fungal contamination of vegetables [25, 28, 37–40]. In addition, contaminated water (irrigation water) used to wash vegetable from the farm before they are put on sale are probable factors contributing to parasitic contamination on soil and transmission to vegetables [37].
