Other respondents also expressed their views thus:

*We have no work to do apart from scavenging just to feed ourselves and our families back home. Sometimes you inhale smoke from the burning site and it gives you a headache. But you cannot say you want to stop. You have to go to the burning site [KII, Male Migrant, Agbogbloshie].*

*In the Process of Being Left Behind: Rural-Urban Migration, Precarious Work Conditions... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106907*

Another point was made: when attempting to break the metal, the hammer may strike your hand, causing severe bleeding. *So, if the bleeding does not want to stop, you go to the hospital. If not, there is no need to go to the hospital. You find a way of stopping the blood [IDI, Male Migrant, Agbogloshie].*

*The loads we carry can be very heavy and they give us a lot of neck and sometimes severe body pains after you come from work… but you cannot say you would not go the next day. You will definitely go or else you will be hungry [IDI, Female Migrant, Agbogbloshie].*

#### **3.3 Precarious work on health outcomes**

Logistic regression was performed to investigate whether or not the type of work affects health outcomes. The results are presented in **Table 5**. Commercial motor riders, popularly known as "Okada," were taken as the reference group since they are mostly involved in accidents, whereas every other occupation was then compared in terms of the odds of suffering a poor health outcome. From the results, migrant workers who are engaged in electronic waste have 1.0 [95%CI: 0.09–10.17]; P = 1.0) sickness times the odds of those involved in Okada. However, there is no association between electronic waste dealers and Okada riders. When compared to Okada, people who work in scrapyards have a lower risk of poor health outcomes by 0.69 [95% CI: 0.10–4.72]; P = 0.71]. The resulting p-value shows it is not significant. Similarly, people who are head porters have in excess of 25% increased odds of having experienced poor health of 0.25[95%CI: 0.22–6.97]: P = 0.80 when compared to motorcyclists, even though the p-value is not significant. Those who are engaged in street hawking, the sale of tubers of yams and sachets of water have 0.5[95%CI: 0.03–7.45]; P = 0.62] sickness times the odds when compared to Okada riders. However, the p-value is not significant. For the truck pushers, the odds of experiencing poor health outcomes are 0.83[95%CI: 0.05–13.63]; P = 0.90] when compared to the Okada riders. The resulting p-value shows it is not significant.

In the course of an interview, we made this observation:

*As for sickness, we are always hit by headaches, body pains, joint pains, and several others, but you cannot complain to anyone. Sometimes you can experience these conditions 3–5 times a week [KII, female migrant Agbogbloshie].*


#### **Table 5.**

*Assessment of precarious work and risk exposure.*

In a related interview, this emerged:

*What we suffer here mostly are injuries because of the metals we deal with. Accidents are common here. Sometimes, the heavy hammer we used to break the metal can hurt you. Sometimes, too, the metal plate can also cut you. But you cannot say anything [KII, Male migrant Agbogbloshie].*

#### **3.4 Policy response**

One of the strategies for reducing work-related precarity for migrant workers in the informal sector of the economy is the role played by the government in bringing an end to such occurrences.

The study showed that even though the government has unreliable accounts of labor migrants working in the informal sector of the economy; the government is yet to establish information on the indicated group of migrant workers. The Ministry further indicated that the National Labor Migration Policy, which was drafted in 2014, has been given cabinet approval, which is yet to be implemented, and once that is done, it would provide the framework. The framework would enable the government to address precarious work conditions among migrant workers in the informal sector.

The following came to light in one of the interviews:

*The Ministry has anecdotal knowledge concerning labor migrants in the informal sector. The required monitoring and data collection exercise are yet to be done to acquire actionable information on the indicated group of migrant workers. However, the National Labor Migration Policy recently received cabinet approval and its implementation would provide the framework that would enable government and other relevant partners to address issues of workers in the informal sector, especially migrant workers [Ministry of youth and employment, KII].*

There are indications of efforts in revamping the country's employment centers and developing institutional capacities that will enable it to extend coverage to migrant workers due to the decent work deficits facing them as well as other workers in the informal sector. This was reported in one of the qualitative interviews:

*The Ministry is aware of the decent work deficits facing workers in the informal sector. To that end, the Ministry, being responsible for the promotion of decent work for workers across all sectors, is revamping its public employment centers and developing institutional capacities that would enable it to extend coverage to informal workers, including migrant workers [Ministry of youth and employment, KII].*

Whereas the timely implementation of the responses in addressing precarious work conditions among this population is important not only to bring about hope to the migrant workers but also to meet SDG 8, our findings suggest otherwise. This was noted in our interview.

*Meeting SDG 8, as well as most of the other goals of the 2030 Agenda, would be very difficult at the current rate of progress. World leaders and international and regional bodies all agree that efforts must be stepped up considerably if we are to achieve the targets set* [Ministry of youth and employment, KII]*.*

*In the Process of Being Left Behind: Rural-Urban Migration, Precarious Work Conditions... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106907*
