**9.6 Measures of phonological awareness**

Measures of phonological awareness helps to identify whether students can break down sentences, syllables, sounds and if they can blend or repeat sentences, syllables, and sounds. Measures available to test phonological awareness are,

a.Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP-2)

b.Phonological Awareness Test (PAT-2NU),

c.Phonological Awareness Screening Test (PAST)


f. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 3rd ed. (Naming Letters, Letter-Sound Correspondence)

These tests consist of the following tasks: writing single letters and letter patterns delivered verbally, pronouncing nonsensical words of increasing difficulty, identifying individual letters, making sounds for a limited selection of single letters, and spelling gibberish words. Repeat a non-word without including the intended sound. (say stem without saying /t/); blend /c/ /a/ /t/ to form the word cat. Identify specific phonemes in words (e.g., first, middle, last sound); break the word sun into its component sounds: /m/ /a/ /n/'

## **9.7 Measures of orthographic competence**

The capacity of a learner to perceive the visual representation of a letter or number and promptly interpret the symbol is known as orthographic competence.. Diagnosis tools include tasks like,

a.Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP-2)

b.Rapid Naming subtests,
