**3. Evolution concept of food security**

The notion of food security started about 45 years ago when there were food shortages all over the world. At first, it focused on making sure that there was enough food and that the prices of basic foods were stable around the world and in each country. This happened because agricultural commodity prices were very unstable in the early 1970s. This was caused by a disarray in the monetary systems and financial marketplaces as well as various other unfavorable conditions. The attention to supply constraints was a result of the changing structure of the global food economy, which

is thought to be the cause of these economic problems. Hunger, food crises, and famine emphasized to develop the definition of food security that considers the most important needs and actions of people who might be affected [13, 14].

In 1994, UNDP Human Development Report examined human security in which seven key threats were recognized including food, economic, environmental, communal, political, personal, and health security [15]. Human rights entered the concerns about food security around this time [16].

Food insecurity is a problem that ranges from the household to the international level, despite the fact that it is primarily addressed at the national level by policymakers. At the household level, the measurements of food security occur in order to take into account individual dietary preferences; thus, it is considered that food insecurity is a problem that affects the whole world. By 1993, food security had nearly 200 definitions [17]. This unpredictable condition showed that food security studies depended on the technical opinions, context-specific and policy issues being considered.

The subsequent momentous occasion occurred when the World Bank published the foundational report entitled "Poverty and Hunger" in 1986 [18]. A difference between chronic food insecurity and temporary as well as acute food insecurity, which is associated with poverty and human-made or natural calamities, was observed, respectively. This resulted in the introduction of a temporal scale for measuring food security. This was considered when expanding the idea of food security to include the following parameter: availability of sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to people at all times for a dynamic and healthy life [19]. The second edition of the notion took place in 1994, in response to the Human Development Report issued by the UN Development Program, which examined the prerequisites for human food security. In this situation, food security, which was part of the overarching concept of social security, involved the conversion of human rights.

After the World Food Summit (1996), a very well-organized and systematic work was endorsed in which the organization's members tasked it with monitoring the progress toward decreasing the number of malnourished people in poor countries by 2015 [20]. In the middle of 1990, the term food security was replaced by nutrition security and food and nutrition security to elaborate on the current scenario [21]. The annual flagship report of FAO, entitled The State of Food Insecurity in the World, was published in 1998 and used to evaluate the whole monitoring process.

The statement of food security was improved by The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2001; according to this statement, food security is a discipline ensuring that all the people at the same place have equal rights to sufficient, hygienic, nutritious, adequate, and safe food to fulfill their dietary needs as well as food choices with physical and economic access for a healthy life. Furthermore, improving poverty is mandatory in addressing food security but is insufficient [22, 23].

Various topics like investments in agriculture, social safety, food losses and waste, land tenure, biofuels, and price instability impacted the food security recognized by the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) in 2009 reforms. These topics were discussed in the sustainable concerns about fisheries, aquaculture, and food systems based on the High-Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) discussion. At last, in 2014 and 2015, HLPE reports requested by CFS revealed progressive incorporation of sustainability into food and nutrition security [24].

It was acknowledged that eliminating poverty is crucial for achieving this goal but that doing so will not be adequate on its own [23]. During the World Summit on Food Security in 2009, the concept of food security received its most recent formal

revision, which included the addition of the fourth dimension of stability [5]. In more recent times, a fifth dimension has been also proposed, which would be sustainability, to be added in order to integrate the long-term sequential aspect [19].
