**3.8 RQ6: Who are the perpetrators of human trafficking, migrant smuggling, and human enslavement?**

Human trafficking, migrant smuggling, and human enslavement are perpetrated by unregistered international organized networks of individuals, mafias, and organizations that generate substantial illicit proceeds, often laundered into licit markets, with a too-low risk of prosecution and confiscation. These illegal and criminal activities are lucrative crimes that take advantage of people who are vulnerable, desperate, or simply seeking a better life.

The perpetrators include:

