**3.12 RQ10: What are the psychosocial effects of human trafficking, migrant smuggling and enslavement?**

The psychosocial impacts of kidnapping, human trafficking, migrant smuggling, and enslavement are a cause for concern among mental health practitioners, governments, law enforcement agencies, and communities around the world.

The methodologies, strategies, and tactics deployed by the organized networks of smugglers, kidnappers, and hostage-takers often involve the use of extreme violence and torture to subdue their victims. These include:

## a. *Hostage:*

