**1. Introduction to carbon**

In the second part of the eighteenth century, carbon was identified as an element for the first time. "A.L. Lavoisier" introduced the name carbon in 1789 and derived from the Latin word "carbo" which signified "charcoal (or ember)" to the Romans. After hydrogen, oxygen, and helium, Carbon is 4th frequent element in our solar system(sun, stars, comets, and planets' atmospheres), the 6th abundant prevalent element in universe and in earth's crust, it is 17th most extensive elemen [1]. It is primarily found as hydrocarbons and other chemicals [2, 3]. Surprisingly after oxygen, carbon is found as 2nd abundant mineral in the human natural body [4], accounting for around 18% of a person's total weight. Although, carbon is in short supply on earth's surface, with hardly 0.2% makes of planet's whole mass [1, 3, 5]. In spite of that, its function is extremely vital because it has the ability to establish links with other atomic nuclei and with itself. As a result, carbon's ability of catenation cleared the path for the advancement of chemistry (basis of organic chemistry) [6], the rich diversity of structural forms of solid carbon [7], and biology, allowing for the emergence of life's marvels [4, 8]. Advanced carbon based material are considered backbone in coming generation technological scientific era especially in the divisions of materials based industry, and nanotechnology, respectively. During recent times, advanced carbon based materials are of significant highlight. Owing of efficient physical properties, from technological perspective, it has been employed in the environmnet, energy, electronic and thermal applications, respectively. Due to wide field of applications, twenty-first century is named as "Century of graphene". Graphene is considered as outstanding form of carbon owing to good electrical conductivity, suitable strength and efficient permeabile properties. In following chapter, we will review basics forms, properties and significant Structures of allotropes of carbon which will be beneficial from technological perspective.
