**2.6 Efficiency and stability**

### *2.6.1 Device performance*

Three key limiting considerations for the actual deployment of PSCs are PCE, stability, and cost. **Table 1** shows how PCEs have progressed in previous years while employing a hot-casting approach. The two most common light harvesters in PSCs are MAPbI3 and FAPbI3, which have energy bandgaps of 1.55 and 1.47 eV and theoretical maximum PCEs of 31.3 and 32.5%, respectively [61]. Nie et al. were the first to describe the manufacture of perovskite films with a millimetre grain size, resulting a PCE of 17.48% with no hysteresis. Marks et al. used a hot casting technique to manage Cl− incorporation and reported a PCE of 18.2% for a small area (0.09 cm2 ) and 15.4% for a big area (0.09 cm2 ) (1 cm2 ). We believe that in the future, the PCE of PSCs produced using hot-casting technology will catch up to that produced using a solution approach. Meanwhile, the perovskite composition, device structure, and encapsulation all play a role in improving PSC long-term stability [62].
