**8. Biodiversity conservation: a pluralistic approach**

Societies across the world have had long-standing traditions of using and caring for nature, but the recognized, conventional, and largely western 'conservation movement' is only about 120 years old. Discourses about why biodiversity matters and how it should be governed are dominated by ideas nurtured by this movement, in turn, aligned with—and legitimized by—normative positions in science, particularly by conservation biology. In reality, people have always related to the variety of living things in a range of different ways, determined by their own value systems, experiences, and ability to work with nature [44]. In view of its broad explanations, biodiversity must be developed as a thought in a multiculturalism way. It would be seen as prospect to accept people's diverse ideas on what needs to be preserved and at what cost. If the belief of ecosystem is helpful as a means for preservation, it should be a part of a wider commitment with diverse informations and value systems about biodiversity. A pluralistic perspective on biodiversity could also facilitate communication across academic disciplines by applying a shared vocabulary, even though its precise interpretation may vary [45].

The pluralistic approach in biodiversity conservation should necessitate an unbiased commitment via two questions: (i) what the humankind desire from the rest of the living world? (ii) How we can mutually get from there? Subsequently, it should be recognized that the answers to these questions would essentially be multiple and consequently arrived to any answers through a process that is reasonable and communally acceptable. Additionally, the recognition of a pluralistic view of biodiversity protection should require the recent conservation advancement to give up its place of ethical authority and power to answer these above questions. Meanwhile, it demands the movement to put its thought on what needs and why to conserve, together with other understanding of the importance of nature and interactions between humans and nature to answer the first question, instead insisting that their concepts are scientifically derived and therefore, definitely better. Biodiversity science is, in fact, well positioned to promote such a pluralistic agenda given the multiple ways in which biodiversity is represented in academic disciplines, such as ecology and biology, economics, and social sciences and humanities. It may also be essential to recognize and include the layman's views in the combination of conservation knowledge; mainly the sited, emotional and cherished trait of much of the rest of knowledge (local or indigenous) about nature [46] and its focus on how to live healthy with nature. It suggested that the manifold associations of human and non-human life must be recognized. One way to do this is by mesmerizing with intense interdisciplinary and extensive stakeholder involvement in knowledge sharing [47]. By mobilizing an appropriate mix of scientific and lay knowledge, conservation science, policy and practice would be better equipped to identify and facilitate more legitimate and effective goals and actions, for instance through different approaches to protected areas [48] or through payments for ecosystem services [49].
