**Abstract**

Peatlands are inland water ecosystems that are very unique and vulnerable to environmental disturbances including forest fires. In fact, the peat ecosystem has a very diverse of fish species and has the potential for consumption and ornamental fish. One of the countries that has extensive peatlands is Indonesia. Various types of ornamental fish potentially found in peatlands, as well as various species of economic importance for food. Therefore, it is very necessary to conserve and utilize biodiversity of peatlands for the purpose of optimally utilizing sustainable development. The scope of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive view of fish diversity in Indonesian peatlands from the aspect of use, threats, and conservation strategies.

**Keywords:** peatland, biodiversity, utilization, conservation, Indonesia
