Preface

**Chapter 8 135**

**Chapter 9 157**

**Chapter 10 183**

Perspective Chapter: Options to Violence in Mass Movements – A Prospectus

Comprehensive Assistance System for Victims of Gender-Based Violence *by Miguel Á. Domínguez, Raquel Pérez-Aloe, Bruno Pérez, Javier Lozano* 

Perspective Chapter: Neurotoxins and Erythrocytes –

*and Juan M. Carrillo*

A Double-headed Arrow *by Sherine Abdelmissih*

for Mobilization *by Toivo Koivukoski*

**II**

The literature on violence and aggression is rich yet scattered. From the days of Nietzsche's moral philosophy on the opposition of master and slave to Freud's psychoanalytic conception of Thanatos, and from the realm of social theory to affective neuroscience, researchers and clinicians agree on one thing: that aggression is at the core of the human condition.

This book contributes to existing knowledge on violence and aggression by synthesizing theories and empirical data from a variety of scientific paradigms to facilitate a constructive meta-dialogue about a topic that feels uncomfortably stimulating and perpetually consequential. It presents a broad-based, multidisciplinary approach to aggression, conflict, and violence rooted in psychological, sociocultural, and contextual models.

This volume is a collection of theoretical perspectives and studies from international scholars that adds to existing knowledge on neuropsychological aspects of aggression, personality features, gender-based violence, and cultural origins of conflict. The chapters are authored by experts from across the globe and their contributions offer important insights into major theoretical perspectives on aggression and violence as well as the multifaceted factors involved in the etiology and management of conflict. Adopting an international focus, the book synthesizes lived experiences and perspectives from Western and non-Western frameworks of violence, broadening the spectrum of the shared knowledge base. It is useful for researchers, students, and readers interested in the etiology, assessment, and management of aggression.

> **Dr. Catherine Lewis** Senior Lecturer in Psychology,

London Metropolitan University, London, UK

**1**

**Chapter 1**

**Abstract**

until adult life.

**1. Introduction**

suicide, psychopathological syndromes

mental health and well-being throughout life [6–10].

Sexual Abuse in Childhood:

*Angélica Quiroga-Garza and María José Almela-Ojeda*

The high prevalence in Mexico of both child sexual abuse and emerging psychopathological syndromes in adulthood, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder, self-injurious behavior, and suicide, makes it necessary to investigate in greater depth the relationship between these circumstances. The findings on the incidence in Mexico and the interaction of these variables would make it possible to propose public policies with scientific support for the protection of children and to design intervention programs for adult victims of child abuse at risk due to psychopathological symptoms. To understand the interaction of child abuse events and adult emerging syndromes in the Mexican population, we conducted quantitative, correlational-comparative research. The findings have implications for clinical and social practice. It is necessary to continue working with families, carrying out preventive measures for all forms of domestic violence (physical, sexual, economic, negligence) that cause intentional harm to the children who suffer it, and its consequences remain

**Keywords:** child sexual abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, self-injurious behavior,

In 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the World Mental Health Survey Initiative whose results suggested that 30% of all mental disorders in adults were related to adverse childhood experiences (ACE) [1]. Exposures to personal abuse and neglect before the age of 18 are known as childhood trauma [2]. Psychological trauma arises when a painful event exceeds the coping skills of the person who experiences it [3]. The traumatic experience can be a single event or frequently repeated events [4, 5], such as in chronic victimization. Anticipation and fear can trigger defense mechanisms such as dissociation, resulting in greater difficulty remembering the trauma [5]. So, if traumatic events occur in children's early life, particularly before the age of five—a critical developmental period—they impact

In this regard, since 2016, Mexico has been ranked first worldwide in sexual abuse, physical violence, and homicide of children under 14 years of age with 5.4 million cases per year, being only 2% of the cases reported at the time, the rest they are known after years of abuse [11]. Although a direct and reliable source on the real

Emerging Syndromes in Adulthood

#### **Chapter 1**
