**6. Role of organoids in drug development and cancer research**

Apart from therapeutic applications, organoids can also be employed in cancer research to study the mechanism of cancer progression and the interaction between pathogens and organs in the development of cancer cells. In a study conducted by Scanu et al., 2016 [73] the interaction of pathogen *Salmonella enterica* with the gall bladder cells was found to provoke gall bladder carcinoma. Similarly, in a study conducted by Yin et al., 2015 [74] relations between hepatic virus and liver cell carcinoma have been studied extensively.

Organoid technology has also been implemented to study the genetic interaction between mutation and progression of various types of cancer [75]. Organoids guide in the study of the initiation of tumors with the progression of cancer at various genetic levels [76].

Organoids can be used to study the response of drugs to each patient so can be utilized in drug development for cancer research [77]. Though many drugs were working on cancer models they get eliminated in final clinical trials due to unbearable side effects or lack of efficiency compared to clinical models [78]. Many biobanks of organoids were used to study the efficiency of novel drugs [16]. By utilizing organoids in drug screening, it will be feasible to predict the patient's response and value of Patient-Derived Organoids in chemotherapy. The data obtained from PDOs can be used to predict the outcome of individual patients which was not possible by using the cell line technique [17].
