**10. Conclusions**

Cancer is a heterogeneous disease caused by a mutation in normal cells that results in the abnormal growth of cells. Though many treatment methods and drugs were available in cancer treatment, there is no proper cure, and the drugs used ended up in major side effects in patients. The development of cancer cells varies with the patient and also based on the type of cancer. Thus, there was a need to derive a patientspecific treatment method is cancer treatment. But the limitation of these 2D cell line models where it was a time-consuming process, expensive, and sometimes cannot meet the requirement of tumor heterogeneity to large extent. To overcome this many technologies such as GEMMs and PDTXs were developed and they have been proved to be effective techniques. To overcome these limitations organoid technology has emerged in which tissues were grown in *in-vitro* from cells derived from patients and these tissues can be utilized for drug development. Apart from drug development in cancer research organoid technology also paved the way to study elaborately the mechanisms behind cancer treatment, about particular organs in detail, and also the relationship between pathogens and various types of cancer. The culturing of organoids along with immune cells has shown successive progress in creating better models and understanding the cancer progression in many research works. Though organoid technology also has various limitations various methods have been established to overcome the limitations and hence organoids can be used as an effective tool in cancer research and cancer treatment.
