**7. Results and discussion**

The results and discussions will start with EE/ESD contents found in the old policy document which is called National Curriculum Statement (NCS). In addition, an analysis of the changes brought by the new CAPS curriculum which affect EE/ESD Implementation is discussed. The effects of the shift of the curriculum from old NCS (Grade 10–12) to new CAPS curriculum are discussed. Lastly, the extent of coverage in the Policies and Examinations of EE/ESD between RNCS and CAPS analysis is deliberated.

#### **7.1 EE/ESD content found in the grade 12 geography old NCS curriculum**

Geography was defined as a science that studies physical and human processes and spatial patterns on Earth in an integrated way over space and time (DoE, 2003:9). It examined the spatial distribution of people and their activities, physical and humanmade features, ecosystems and interactions between humans, and between humans and the environment in a dynamic context. Some of the aims of Geography which encourage EE/ESD are to (**Table 4**):


#### **Table 4.**

*Environmental content found in the grade 12 geography old NCS (grade 10–12).*


environment. Geography prepares learners to become responsible and competent decision-makers and agents, living and working in a complex world. It encourages them to challenge and address social and environmental injustices.

The scope of Geography was to emphasise the integration of physical and human geography. In the past, these components of Geography had been treated as separate elements. However, a study of physical processes that influence soil erosion, for example, must consider how human activities on the land also contribute to the process. The geographer needs to know why soil erosion is occurring and should understand the social, political and economic circumstances that may cause people to influence the rate of soil erosion in a place or in the broader region [49]. In addition, EE/ESD content in the subject ensures that learners explore possible responses to issues and challenges arising from human and environmental interactions in a local and national context.
