**2. Use of probiotics toward helminth parasitic zoonosis**

Helminth parasitic zoonosis is simply controlled and prevented by using hygiene and sanitation or regular deworming with anthelmintic pills. However, the vaccines not found to control the helminth parasitic infection, also, the occurrence of anthelmintic medication resistance so, the suppression of parasitic infestation are still needed improvement with new strategies. As a result, the used probiotics was considered the new alternative way instead of on pills or beside the medication which had a significant effect occur in the last couple of years.

Probiotics are anaerobic or aerobic microorganisms found naturally in the raw food and able to isolate simply, which are helpful to the host when consumed with a sufficient amount inside the gastrointestinal tract. These "Good Microorganisms" can be obtained from various dairy products and non-dairy products. The most broadly used microorganisms are used for this purpose, the genus of *Lactobacillus* and *Enterococcus*, also, a few fungi and yeasts could be used (**Figure 1**, [19]). The protective effect of probiotics is by the competition between probiotics and pathogens against colonization or antagonistic elimination within the intestine. An extra mechanism for probiotics is the ability to produce antimicrobial substances, such as bacteriocins or oxygen peroxide, some acids as lactic acid, or through immunomodulation [20, 21].

**Figure 1.** *Important probiotic strains.*

Similarly, probiotics may also inhibit and opposite the working of parasites inside the intestine. Additionally, their productions could have anthelmintic values and may reduce many parasites' virulence. Also, probiotic strains play a wide range in the host body as decreasing illnesses and stress, enhancing immunity, modulation of gut microbiota, and nutritional assistance. From this point, probiotics may be used as a new and imperative strategy to control helminth parasites [22].

A suitable probiotic strain requirement to confer beneficial belongings (stimulate the immune, antimicrobial activity against pathogens, production of metabolism as bacteriocins and other compounds, and many others.), also, confirmed the probiotic strains to be not pathogenic, able to survive at low pH and acid conditions, thereby continuing within the intestine, and able to colonized and adhered inside the intestine epithelium [23, 24]. Approximately 50 traces similar to 26 species satisfy these standards. Probiotic strains are gram-positive bacteria, isolated from the human intestine microflora or numerous dairy products. However, the beneficial effects of probiotics were more usually tested in model animals than thru direct therapeutic indications and depended largely on the dose consumed. The dose of probiotics is suggested at least 5 billion colonies forming per day for a minimum of 5 days to give their effect [23]. This minimal dose takes under consideration the survival capability of the ingested probiotics inside the gastrointestinal tract, where they may be in opposition with the resident bacteria [25]. Three principal advantages are pronounced: Modulation of the intestinal surroundings, through probiotics having the capacity to manipulate the proliferation of surrounding microorganisms, and/or by using opposition for the occupancy of a common biotope (e.g., get entry to nutriments) [23]. As an example, iron is a proscribing nutriment—it is miles important for maximum bacteria and probiotics can compete for its availability. *Lactobacillus* can bind ferric hydroxide and reduces iron unavailability for pathogenic microorganisms [26] or by secreting siderophores that chelate and shipping iron [25]. Some probiotics are also capable to influence the composition and balance of the gut microflora [27]. For instance, in probiotic therapy, the use of a mixture of probiotics became shown to grow the whole number of intestinal microorganisms and to repair the variety of the bacterial microbiota in patients [28].

In the end, probiotics also can manage their biotic environment via regulation of intestinal motility and mucus secretion [23, 29]. Secretion of the energetic compounds (such as bacteriocins, antibiotics, loose fatty acids, and hydrogen peroxide) that could manage the boom and/or survival of surrounding microorganisms. Bacteriocins are secreted peptides or proteins that commonly kill closely associated bacteria by using penetrating their membranes or by means of interfering with vital enzymes [28]. Lots of them are produced with the aid of *Lactobacillus* probiotic lines (lactacin B, lactacin F, nisin, and so forth.). *Lactobacillus reuteri* produces reuterin (three-hydroxypropionaldehyde), an extensive-spectrum antibiotic, lively against bacteria, yeast, fungi, protozoa, and viruses [30]. By means of lowering the nearby intestinal pH with lactic acid, probiotics can also regulate the increase of acid-sensitive organisms [28]. Also, different probiotics were able to stimulate the reaction of the host immune to an expansion of pathogens to create immunity modulation. Within the intestine, probiotics join with the epithelial cells; Peyer's patches cells, and immune cells. Those interactions result in a boom within the quantity of IgA producing cells followed by a way of development of IgM and secretory IgA which might be particularly crucial in mucosal immunity, contributing to the barrier against pathogenic organisms [31, 32]. In addition, probiotics can also affect dendritic cells, which might be accountable for the collection of

#### *Perspective Chapter: Application of Probiotics to Inactivate Helminth Parasitic Zoonosis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103744*

antigens from the intestine and their presentation to native T cells, leading to their differentiation to T-helper (Th1, Th2) or T-regulatory lymphocytes. Probiotic molecules implicated in dendritic cellular induction are poorly characterized, one exception being the S layer protein A of *Lactobacillus acidophilus* NCFM that regulates maturation of dendritic cells and T cell features [33]. Probiotics have additionally been shown to modulate cytokine release (TNF-α IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-12) [34]. Those cytokines play a valuable function in retaining the delicate balance between important and excessive protection mechanisms. For example, polysaccharide A, synthesized by *Bacillus fragilis* NCTC 9343, protects in opposition to experimental colitis via an adequate induction of IL-10 manufacturing [35].
