*4.1.2 Procedure*


### **4.2 Mechanism of actions of nanoparticles on mosquitoes**

Surprisingly, despite a mass of information on their toxicity against specific pests and vectors, exact information on nanoparticles' potential mode of action against insects is limited. This information is crucial for predicting the toxicological effects of using nanoparticles as insecticides in the actual world. Silver nanoparticle cytotoxicity and genotoxicity mechanisms have been extensively studied, as their toxicity in biological models is strongly influenced by their size, shape, and charge [27].

*Bacterial Silver Nanoparticles: Method, Mechanism of Synthesis and Application in Mosquito… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104144*

According to accepted theory, the toxicity of several nanoparticles is considered to be achieved by causing oxidative stress in arthropod tissues [28]. Furthermore, nanoparticle penetration through the exoskeleton may increase their toxicity. The nanoscale material then binds to sulfur from proteins or phosphorus from DNA in the intracellular space, causing organelles and enzymes to denature rapidly. As a result of the decreased membrane permeability and disturbance in the proton motive force, cellular function and cell death may be lost. The green-capped nano-Ag significantly reduced total protein levels. It also reduced the activities of acetylcholinesterase and - α and ß-carboxylesterase [28].

#### **5. Conclusion**

The efficacy of green-fabricated nanoparticles is promising, and this excited much research groups worldwide, opening new ways to manage arthropod pests and vectors. However, while some researchers have tried to clarify how silica, alumina, silver, gold, titania, and graphene nanoparticles act as toxins against arthropods, our knowledge in this research field is still scarce.

Green fabrication processes rely on selected compounds to rule out the insecticidal impacts of botanicals and microbial products used as reducing and capping agents. This allows us to avoid hard-to-reproduce results due to tested green reducing agents [29].

Finally, more effort is necessary to validate the proposed nano pesticides in field conditions while simultaneously monitoring their stability, environmental fate, and sublethal effects on non-target organisms, focusing on genotoxicity and acceptable physiological and behavioral modifications. It is essential to understand the various mechanisms leading to chronic toxicity of nanoparticles invertebrates, focusing on humans.

#### **Acknowledgements**

The authors are grateful to the Management Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College and the Principal for providing well-equipped research facilities during this work.

#### **Conflict of interest**

"The authors declare no conflict of interest."

*Mosquito Research - Recent Advances in Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, and Vector Control…*
