**3. Conclusion**

The major cause of UTIs worldwide is uropathogenic *E. coli*. The development of resistance in uropathogenic *E. coli* is a serious therapeutic problem that requires newer antibiotics and alternative forms of therapy, such as phages. In the treatment of UTIs, studies are being conducted on various forms of bacteriophages, such as phage cocktails, genetically modified phages, phage lytic enzymes and their derivatives, and phage-antibiotic combinations. Clinical trials are being conducted on phage cocktails and phage lytic enzymes for treating UTIs and no randomized control trials. The phage therapy still requires validated clinical research to use different types of phage therapy to eliminate UPEC and the biofilm formed in the urinary tract to control UTIs. More research on phage therapy is still required on drug-resistant uropathogens. Undoubtedly in the future phages can emerge as pharmaceutical compounds, an alternative to conventional antibiotics particularly for treating UTIs caused by drug-resistant uropathogenic *E. coli*.
