*4.1.5 Other adhesins*

Adhesins belonging to the Afa family are also involved in urinary tract infections. The UPEC strains expressing them have distinctive renal tissue tropism. Further findings suggest that these adhesins have properties that supports the development of chronic or/ and recurrent infections [4]. Other adhesins identified in vivo among UPEC strains are type 1c, G, M, X adhesins which vary in molecular binding specificities and serologic properties. **Table 2** summarizes various UPEC adhesins contributing to virulence.
