2-Hepatotoxins Microcystin- LA C3H7NO4S \* ---- 3-Pyriproxyfen C20H29NO3 \* ---- 4-Emodin C15H10O5 \* ---- 5-Brevetoxins-10(A) C4H8O2 \* ---- 6- Cytotoxins C2H2Cl3NO \* ---- *-, absence of toxins. The presence of toxins.*

### **Table 2.**

*\**

*Treatment of algal toxins of different concentration of potassium permanganate with chemical formulations statement mediated by GC-MASS.*

while it does not affect saxitoxin toxin, despite the fact that it is produced by algae greens blue—this is what the organization confirms [18].

## *6.1.2 Activated carbon*

The use of activated carbon for the removal of a wide range of organic compounds, including numerous algal toxins, is a well-accepted treatment approach. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) can both be used as a physical process to adsorb toxins in source water, while GAC can also be used as a biological process to degrade toxins by allowing bacteria to grow on GAC media (instead of sand or anthracite) in rapid gravity filters. The nature of the source water, particularly the sort of toxins and competing natural organic matter (NOM) constituents present, has a significant impact on the efficacy of the adsorption or biological process. Operators should consider improving reactivation and replacement frequency based on the seasonal prevalence of blue-green algae if GAC is currently being used. Because algal toxin occurrences occur on a regular or seasonal basis, the use of PAC can be beneficial because it may be introduced sporadically to the traditional treatment procedure to react to the presence of toxins in a relatively cost-effective manner.

### *Algae Toxins and Their Treatment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102909*

PAC can be added before coagulation and removed in the settling tanks, or it can be added after coagulation and removed by filtering. When employing PAC, keep in mind that it must be removed by a downstream operation and discarded, as PAC is rarely reused or regenerated. When utilizing PAC, detention times must be considered to ensure that enough time is provided for adequate adsorption removal. Prior to coagulation, PAC basins are occasionally employed, but care must be taken to ensure that the PAC adsorption rate correctly accounts for any NOM compound competition for adsorption sites. For details on selection and dosing, contact your PAC supplier.
