*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105125 Transcription Flexibility of* Dunaliella *Chloroplast Genome*


#### **Table 2.**

*Classification of D. salina transcription factors.*

RNA polymerase) or via other proteins that are known as co-activators. Transcription suppressor domains are regions of transcription factors that, in conjunction with a DNA binding domain, can suppress transcription from the promoter by contact with transcription machines or through other proteins known as Co. repressors.

#### *5.3.2 Stresses affecting transcription factors of D. salina*

Plant stress is a condition in which the plant grows in non-ideal conditions, which increases the demand for it. The effects of stress can lead to stunted growth, crop yield, permanent damage, or death if the stress is too much for the plant. Plant stress factors are mainly classified into two main groups: Biotic and abiotic factors. Abiotic factors include various environmental factors that affect plant growth (such as light, water, and temperature), while biotic factors are other organisms that share the environment with plants (such as pathogens, pests, and weeds). Stress response usually involves complex molecular mechanisms, including changes in gene expression and regulatory networks [19].

Stress-responsive transcription factors play a key role in responding to abiotic stresses and stress tolerance [25]. Therefore, these stress-responsive transcription factors may be important targets for product development by increasing abiotic stress tolerance. Plant stress hormones, such as abscisic acid and jasmonic acid, regulate plant abiotic stress responses. The abscisic acid signaling pathways activate target transcription factors. For example, bZIP, ABF, and Jasmonic acid signaling pathways activate MIC bHLH transcription factors. This abscisic acid and jasmonic acid-dependent transcription factors control the expression of stress-responsive genes, as demonstrated by overexpression and deletion systems. In addition, computational and experimental approaches have identified other transcription factors belonging to the WRKY, MYB, AP2/ERF, and NAC families that are not direct components of the abscisic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways but are essential to responding plants to Abiotic stress [26].
