**7.4 Challenges with IoT monitoring in remote areas**

Other issues that are encountered when designing an IoT-based intelligent farming system are related to interoperability [115], technological development, data heterogeneity management, scalability and flexibility of the system, fault tolerance, complexity of the system and the harsh environment, energetic issue, and the need for professionals to implement and manage the system. The interoperability issue takes four different formats, it can be technical, organizational, semantic, or synthetical, all of these four components are interdependent, but the most common issue is the technical one, this is occurred due to the hardware and software differences between manufacturers, these differences imply heterogeneity in protocols and connectivity standards, so when implementing the IF system, the farmer finds himself in front of many incompatible technical choices that he should manage particularly if there is an already existing system that it has to be taken into account. The integration issue can go beyond hardware
