**2.1 Explant preparation**

Strawberries, cultivar Royal 80 stolons were obtained and used for explant from a strawberry farm in Petchaboon province, Thailand. Stolon (**Figure 1**) was chopped to 3–4 cm and washed in a 10% detergent solution with running tap water. It was washed in regular tap water. The stolons were surface-sterilized for 7 min with 10% sodium hypochlorite and then rinsed three times in sterile distilled water [9]. The stolon was cut to a length of 2–3 cm and placed in MS medium [10], which contained sucrose 30 g L−1 and phytagel 2.0 g L−1. Prior to autoclaving at 121°C, the pH was adjusted to 5.7 with 1 N NaOH or 1 N HCl. The cultures were maintained in a culture room with a temperature of 25 ± 2°C, a light intensity of 100 μmol m−2 s−1, and a photoperiod of 16 h [8]. After 2 months of culture, the young shoot was induced in MS medium.
