**7. Artificial hybrids,** *Fragaria moschata F. viridis*

Hybrids of *F. moschata* as the seed parent with *F*. *viridis* were fairly easily obtained, which I first tried with the clone of musk strawberries around the Jokioinen Manor,

*Hermaphroditism in* Fragaria moschata*, a Cultivated Strawberry Species… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103974*

#### **Figure 8.**

*Under isolation, a nearly perfect set of berries in the tetraploid hybrid of* Fragaria moschata F*.* vesca *originating from Jokioinen, Finland [38]. Evidently from a seedling of the original clone. The achenes are superficial and larger than those of* F*.* vesca*. The berries have a mild fragrance resembling that of* F*.* viridis *and* F*.* moschata*. Scale digits millimeters. July 19, 2020.*

#### **Figure 9.**

*Under open-pollination, slightly fertile, tetraploid, spontaneous F1 hybrid of* Fragaria moschata *(female in Kotka)* F*.* vesca*. Note the roundish leaflets with the margins of the central leaflet overlapping the laterals and the stout structure. Senescence of leaves has started along with the set of berries. July 13, 2021.*

#### **Figure 10.**

*A plant of the first generation between the spontaneous hybrid of* Fragaria moschata F*.* vesca *from Kotka and Jokioinen. The leaf morphology does not resemble those of the parents (cf. Figures 7 and 9). Only slightly fertile under open-pollination. June 25, 2021.*


#### **Table 2.**

*F1 progeny of the crosses of the hermaphroditic* Fragaria moschata *'Loimaa' with the hermaphroditic pollen parent* F. vesca*.*

where this species had evidently been introduced in the 18th century. I obtained two plants from a single pollinated flower with a clone of *F*. *viridis* obtained from the native occurrence in Lemland, Alandia, Finland (Dr. Carl-Adam Hæggström's collection no. 7451, H 258115). A female and male F1 plant resulted and proved to be interfertile (**Figure 11**). An octoploid derivative of it was nearly sterile (**Figure 12**). The genetic determining hermaphroditism in 'Loimaa' and 'Kotka' appear different with the F1 segregation numbers (**Table 3**). The F1 fertility with the 'Kotka' hermaphrodite was in general good both as selfed and open-pollinated (**Figures 13** and **14**). While *F*. *viridis* has monopodial branching pattern of the stolon, the *F*. *moschata F. viridis* hybrids have sympodial stolon as also the *F*. *moschata* parent species.

The phenotype distributions of the crosses with the hermaphrodites 'Loimaa' and 'Kotka' are highly significantly different, χ<sup>2</sup> = 57.008, df = 2, p < 0.001. In the 'Kotka' pedigree, the pooled female + hermaphrodite, 13 ratio to 6 males does not differ from the 67: 26 ratio of the 'Loimaa' pedigree, χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.0016, df = 1, p = 0.968.

*Hermaphroditism in* Fragaria moschata*, a Cultivated Strawberry Species… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103974*

#### **Figure 11.**

*The F1 male and female plants of an artificial hybridization of* Fragaria moschata *(female)* F*.* viridis*. The whitered male flowers (yellow circle) have pollinated those of the female. August, 1998. The blue-framed insert shows a female flower of the hybrid on June 30, 1997. The female and male offspring of the hybrid with the hermaphroditic* F*.* viridis *as the pollen parent corroborate the female heterogamety in* F*.* moschata*.*

#### **Figure 12.**

*An octoploid derivative of the tetraploid F1 female plants of the artificial hybrid of* Fragaria moschata F*.* viridis*. Open-pollinated. Practically also female sterile. The polyploidy causes more roundish leaflets (cf. Figure 11) and leaves with five leaflets are frequent. The polyploidy was induced with the method described [40]. Scale 1 18 cm. July 19, 2021.*


#### **Table 3.**

*F1 progenies of the crosses of the female clone from Jokioinen, Finland and the hermaphroditic* Fragaria moschata *'Loimaa' and 'Kotka' with the hermaphroditic pollen parent* F. viridis*.*

#### **Figure 13.**

*Fertile, female F1 hybrid plant of* Fragaria moschata *'Kotka'* F*.* viridis *forming plenty of berries by openpollination. Under the isolation-bag the antherless female flowers did not set any berries. Scale 1 18 cm. July 7, 2021.*

#### **Figure 14.**

*Fertile, hermaphroditic F1 hybrid of* Fragaria moschata *'Kotka'* F*.* viridis *forming berries under isolation-bag. July 16, 2021.*
