**3. Phosphorus-based flame retardants: organic compounds**

Although several organophosphate FR categories exist, they are usually divided into three main groups, according to their chemical properties: organic, inorganic, and halogenated [6]. Organic organophosphates include phosphorus derivatives, such as phosphate esters, phosphonates, and phosphinate. Bisphenol-A diphenyl phosphate (BPA-DP), diethylphosphinic acid, diphenylcresylphosphate (DCP), melamine polyphosphate, resorcinol-bis-(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), tricresylphosphate (TCP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) are examples of commonly employed organic organophosphates [6, 76].

Among organic organophosphates, Aluminum Diethylphosphinate (ALPi) is a new generation of halogen-free flame retardants. Despite having high performance in fire control, and gaining space in the manufacture of compounds, little is known about its long-term effects, both in the environmental scope and for human health [77].

Apart from being used as FRs, organic organophosphates have plasticizing and anti-foaming properties. Thus, they are present in various industrial and commercial products, such as eletronic equipment, paints, bedding, textiles, and building materials [78].

Smartphones deserve special attention because they represent a large portion of incorrectly discarded electronic waste, being an important contamination source. Zhang et al. [79] analyzed smartphone samples and found TPhP in all of them. This compound underlies environmental contamination.

Concern about the use of these compounds is related to the fact that they are used as additive FRs. Therefore, they are not chemically bound to the materials and products in which they are added, which facilitates their chronic release into the


*environmental occurrence and biological effect of brominated flame retardants classes.*

> **3.**

*Summary of* 
