*Economic Growth and Environmental Pollution; Testing the EKC Hypothesis in Brazil DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104388*


### **Table 4.**

*Wald test.*


#### **Table 5.**

*VAR stability conditions checks.*

**Granger causality: Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel Causality Test and Pairwise Granger causality test**


#### **Table 6.**

*Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality test.*

agrees with [77–80], who believe that economic expansion leads to increased pollution. The Pairwise Granger causality test (PGCT) also revealed a bidirectional association between economic growth and pollution. The findings are in line with those of [6, 14, 15, 56, 81–90], who discovered a similar link between economic growth and pollution. The findings are confirmed by PGCT F-statistics and their probability values (F-stat 6.01514, p-value 0.0026; F-stat 8.31827,P-value 0.0003). Both the PDHPC and the PGCT support the environmental Kuznets curve theory.
