**5. Conclusion and policy direction**

The study looks at economic growth and CO2 emissions: an assessment of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Brazil. ADF-Fisher, PP-Fisher, Im Pesaran, and Chin unit root test checked stationarity. VAR model was used to check the individual endogenous variable's impact and the Wald test determined the collective impact of the variables. The model proved to be stable through the VAR stability checks. The study used Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality (PDHPC) and Pairwise Granger causality test to test all the hypotheses. The variables are integrated in order one. The Akaike Information Criterion is the lag order utilized for other estimations. Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality (PDHPC) and Pairwise Granger causality test indicated bidirectional causality between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions. Both the PDHPC and PGCT validate the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis.

The following recommendation was made based on the study's findings; the investigation supported the EKC concept. Because the EKC hypothesis exists in Brazil, both pure and filthy productions are taking place simultaneously. However, after Brazil has reached a certain level of development, its inhabitants may seek a healthier environment, and the Brazilian Government may impose stricter environmental regulations to encourage a cleaner industry. The measures listed above can help to reduce pollution in Brazil. The Brazilian Government could enhance collaboration among industry, institutions, and researchers, as well as the formation of a single alliance. Creating a safe and ecologically friendly energy usage structure will remain a goal as alternative energy sources become more widely used, could reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and other sources for economic development. As a result, it is critical to strengthen ties between tertiary research institutions and enterprises because joint tertiary and industry-based research would aid in the translation of scientific and technological advances into actual output in the Brazilian economy. The findings of this study and other existing research show that economic growth has a primarily positive impact on emissions, reaffirming an earlier dilemma that the environmental Kuznets literature would lead policymakers to overlook ecological policies in favor of developing a solution. The data imply that environmental quality may suffer significantly and that the economic impact of expansion on certain pollutants is more negligible in Brazil. The most practical application of these discoveries is to notify businesses about their emission forecasts, which can then be used as benchmarks for evaluating environmental policies.
