**1. Introduction**

Brazil is one of the five significant emerging "BRICS" economies, and its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are the sixth-highest globally. In the run-up to the Paris climate change summit, Brazil boosted the ambition of its climate initiatives. CO2 poisons the brain and harms overall well-being. Increases in the gas's concentration cause different reactions in different people. The mind may have become clouded or may have struggled to concentrate on a particular subject. A headache, a lack of focus, and exhaustion are signs of high carbon dioxide levels. Cognitive and decision-making abilities can also be affected. People exposed to CO2 levels of 2500 ppm in the workplace are unable to perform simple tasks such as proofreading or solving simple

math problems [1, 2]. CO2 emissions can also cause slower productivity and increased absences at work or school. Acidosis occurs when someone is exposed to high levels of CO2 for an extended period. The rate of breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate all increase. Long-term exposure to CO2 emission is fatal [3].

On the other hand, the Environmental Kuznets Curve theorizes the relationship between environmental indices and per capita income [4, 5]. Pollution and degradation increase during the early stages of economic expansion. After per capita income reaches a specific level, which varies depending on the indicator, the trend reverses, and economic growth leads to environmental recovery [1, 6–9]. This suggests that the indicator of environmental effect is a per capita income inverted u-shape function. A quadratic function of income logarithm is commonly used to define the indicators logarithm. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is named after Kuznet [2, 3, 10– 13], who hypothesized that income disparity grows and declines as economies progress. The EKC concept emerged in the early 1990s as a result of Grossman and Krueger's groundbreaking research into the possible implications of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1991 and the concept's popularization through the 1992 World Bank Development (WBD) report [14–16]. If the EKC hypothesis is correct, rather than being a hindrance to mobility, as the environmentalist movement and related scientism have claimed in the past, i.e. [17–19], the economic expansion would improve the environment in the long run. This shift in thinking was represented in the world commission on environment and development's [20] shining notion of sustainable economic development in our common future. Even though the Environmental Kuznets curve-EKC has been used in a wide range of situations, including endangered species and nitrogen fertilizers, and is even featured in beginning textbooks, academic debate continues [21–27]. Although EKC is primarily an empirical phenomenon, statistically, several EKC model estimations are not robust. Although some local pollutant concentrations have fallen and some pollutant emissions have reduced in industrialized countries, there is still no consensus on the causes of these changes. Brazil's rapid economic growth is unquestionably accompanied by poor environmental quality, particularly carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption and other energy-related activities [19, 22, 28–38]. The Economic research growth and environmental pollution: an examination of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Brazil was necessitated by the background mentioned above. The research is divided into five components. The first portion introduces the study, followed by a literature review in the second section, methodology in the third section, empirical data, interpretation, discussion in the fourth section, and conclusion and policy recommendations in the last section.
