*3.1.2 Manufacturing and application*

GA is one of the safest dietary fibers, according to the US Food and Drug Administration. GA is used to treat individuals with chronic kidney disease and endstage renal disease in Middle Eastern nations [10].

Using a simple and practical approach for making Au nano-architectures with branching forms of GA is considered critical for the intriguing anisotropic. Au structures are beneficial in a variety of research domains. Using gold nanoparticles, reducing agents, and assembling them on gum Arabic under sonication for around 20 minutes at room temperature is described as a natural drug delivery agent [11].

Through a chemical reduction, with the help of gum Arabic, Au particles with a variety of morphologies (e.g., flower-shaped and confieto-shaped) are effectively created. Au nano-flower shapes can have high biocompatibility with human bladder cancer cells (T-24), which might be used in biomedical applications. Sonicating a combination of gum Arabic solution with KAuBr4 and ascorbic acid for around five seconds at room temperature can result in a well-organized approach for manufacturing gold nano-flowers [12].

Gum Arabic can also be used as a drug carrier in order to increase the solubility and stability of curcumin under physiological pH conditions. The compound may demonstrate anticancer activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells, which is claimed to be higher than in human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells. Hep G2 cells show a faster accumulation of gum Arabic/curcumin NPs due to the high effectiveness of targeting the galactose groups present in gum Arabic, bypassing the prior hurdles and making it appropriate for drug delivery systems [13].

Biocompatible gold NPs can be created by continuously mixing an aqueous gum Arabic solution (0.2 percent), phosphine amino acid, and NaAuCl4 together. The produced NPs can be used as molecular imaging contrast agents and can exhibit in

vitro and in vivo endurance for months in aqueous, salt, and buffered solutions using an X-ray computed tomography scan [14].

In a study, using gum Arabic as a bio-template, a cost-effective and simple onestep technique for the manufacture of extremely stable molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanoparticles was devised. The cytotoxic effects of the NP were measured using 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide assays in Hep G2 (human liver cancer) and HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) cell lines. MoO3 nanoparticles are benign to Hep G2 cell lines and have low toxicity even at extremely high concentrations (1000 ppm), but have significant toxicity to HEK293 cells, according to the findings of this study [15].

Antibacterial activities of gum Arabic as drug carriers are stated in **Table 2**.
