**2. Application of graphene platforms for drug delivery**

GQDs are carbon-based nanomaterials. Their structure consists of one or more graphene sheets with lateral dimensions of 10 nm [34]. GQDs have a large π-conjugated aromatic structure and a large surface area that allows them to be easily conjugated with various molecules to generate hybrid nanomaterials, but they can also be conjugated with antibodies, proteins, and nucleic acids due to their dimensional similarity with these molecules [35–38]. They also have a high capacity for loading drugs containing aromatic groups, such as camptothecin, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin through π -π stacking interactions between layers of GQDs and drug molecules. Currently, a variety of synthesis methods allow for size, structure, and optical profile design, depending on the intended application. Even green synthesis has been used to protect the environment [39]. Given the properties of GQDs, the biomedical sector has found several applications in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Recent studies report that GQDs are less toxic, show greater biocompatibility than other nanomaterials, and also have stable and strong fluorescence. All these characteristics make these nanomaterials ideal for use in cancer treatment.

Targeted therapy is a cancer treatment employing drugs that target specific genes and proteins involved in the growth and survival of cancer cells. Targeted therapy can affect tissue conditions that help cancer grow and survive, or it can target cells related to cancer growth, such as cells in blood vessels. To develop targeted therapies, researchers first identify the genetic changes that contribute to a tumor's growth and change [40]. A possible target can be a protein present in cancer cells but not healthy ones. Specificity is required. Targeted therapies are a rapidly growing field of cancer research, and researchers are studying many new targets and drugs in clinical trials. Hence, multifunctional nanoparticles directed at specific targets of the tumor cell are also being developed in the field of nanobiotechnology. GQD platforms have been studied in gene-based therapies across various breast cell lines, where a variety of effects have been discovered. These include the suppression of gene expression and the reduction of the metastatic potential of MDAMB-231 cells [14]; induction of cell death in MCF-7 and MDA cells [15, 16]; the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of the growth of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-10 cells [17]; protection of small interference RNA (siRNA) and DNA plasmids (pDNA) from enzymatic
