*3.2.2 Manufacturing and application*

The manufacture of gum Karaya (GK) stabilized gold nanoparticles (GKNP)<sup>5</sup> and their application in the delivery of anticancer medicines is described in Ref. [17]. GKNP showed great biocompatibility toward CHO,6 normal ovary cells, and A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells. The anti-cancer medication gemcitabine hydrochloride (GEM) was loaded on the surface of gum Karaya with a drug loading efficiency of 19.2%. In anti-proliferation and various experiments, GEM-loaded nanoparticles (GEM-GNP) inhibited cancer cell growth more than regular GEM. This impact was linked to GEM-GNP producing more reactive oxygen species in A549 cells than GEM alone. In conclusion, GK offers tremendous promise for the manufacture of biocompatible gold nanoparticles that might be exploited as a possible anticancer drug delivery carrier. This study also stated that gum Karaya loaded with gold nanoparticles has a longer shelf life and is extremely resistant to factors such as pH and salt. The GK-Au NP combination demonstrated effectiveness as a drug carrier and improved colloidal stability for Au NPs in human lung cancer cells, outperforming the drug gemcitabine hydrochloride in anticancer activity, colony formation suppression, and ROS generation.

Gum Karaya can also be used as a drug carrier for copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles which have gained a lot of interest because of their catalytic, electric, optical, photonic, textile, Nanofluid, and antibacterial properties, which

<sup>5</sup> Gum Karaya stabilized gold nanoparticles.

<sup>6</sup> Chinese hamster ovary cells.

is based on their size, shape, and surrounding medium. Green technology can be used to make CuO nanoparticles put on the surface of the gum Karaya, which is a harmless natural hydrocolloid. In a study, a colloid-thermal synthesis technique was used to make the CuO nanoparticles. The mixture was kept at 75°C at 250 rpm for 1 h in an orbital shaker with varied concentrations of CuCl2·2H2O (1 mM, 2 mM, and 3 mM) and gum Karaya (10 mg/mL). CuO nanoparticles of various sizes were obtained by purifying and drying the CuO nanoparticles that had been produced [18].
