*3.3.2 Manufacturing and application*

Gum Kondagogu (GK) has been used to reduce and cap gold nanoparticle constructions in recent investigations [20].

Antibacterial activity of Kondagogu gum loaded with AuNPs against *Escherichia coli* and *Bacillus subtilis* is reported to be excellent [21].

Using gum Kondagogu, a natural biopolymer, as a reducing and stabilizing agent, for delivering silver nanoparticles has shown to be beneficial. The effect of several factors on the production of nanoparticles was investigated, including gum particle size, gum concentration, silver nitrate concentration, and reaction time. The silver nanoparticles are easily incorporated for diverse applications since they have the best functional properties [22].

A study used sodium borohydride as a reductant and gum Kondagogu as a stabilizer to create selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs). Plant gum is a biopolymer-based feedstock that is sustainable, non-toxic, and non-immunogenic. Using ultravioletvisible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering, the role of gum on synthesis and mean particle size was investigated. In comparison to ionic Se, the current work shows that tree gum stabilized Se NPs may be used as a strong antioxidant nutrition supplement at a significantly lower dose [23].

Another study employed a two-stage chemical reduction approach to make copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), with a distinct reducing agent Hydrazine Hydrate (HH), and a separate stabilizing agent Gum Kondagogu extract. The anti-biofilm impact of gum Kondagogu extract stabilized copper NPs against clinical isolate *Klebsiella pneumoniae* was investigated, and the results revealed that the copper NPs film had an efficient anti-biofilm effect [24].
